A few more mule-kicks, from 'around' ; Or, alive'an'kickin, Or; for kickin'n'alive...

 

“To what extent do we still need nation-states? We tend to imagine that they have always existed and always will, but they are a recent phenomenom, and could be a temporary one. A study by the journalist Debora MacKenzie explains that, before the late eighteenth century, there were no clear national boundaries and no border checks. Even in the nineteenth century many Europeans could not name the nation to which they belonged. ...The discrete nation-state developed in response to rising industrial and social complexity. ...

...Mackenzie proposes that the crucial factor is the extent to which various cultural and ethnic groups are included in the national project. She argues that it is not diversity itself that causes civil strife, but the systematic denial of power to particular factions. You can see the results in Iraq, where US administration, following the 2003 invasion, established a government dominated by Shia, from which Sunnis were largely excluded, and in Syria, ... In response, the Sunni terrorists Isis/Daesh have sought to create their own state, straddling both nations.

...Paradoxically, perhaps, the more autonomy within the nation we possess, the greater is our sense that we belong to it.

Complexity gave rise to the nation-state; further complexity could destroy it. There is a point at which large societies may simply become too complex to run. Perhaps this point has already been reached, which would help to explain our multifaceted crisis. If so, the answer is likely to be a shift in the location of power.

Let us imagine, even if we are not yet ready or willing to act upon it, the end of the large nation-state. ...” ; (Monbiot), Out of the Wreckage. A New Politics for an Age of Crisis (2017, p. 162-3.)

;

“...During the 1950s the American Conservationists Fairfield Osborn and William Vogt became obsessed with the idea that population growth in 'underdeveloped' countries threatened to deplete the world's resources. Interestingly, Vogt and Osborn failed to consider the fact that the 6 percent of the world's population that lived in the United States was consuming 30-50 percent of the world's resources. During the early cold war years it was apparently politically incorrect to criticize America's high standard of living.”

[and:]

; “...[Barry Commoner, 'concluded', in 1970...] that 'most' powerful cause of environmental¨

pollution...appears to be the introduction of changes in technology, without the regard to their untoward effects on the environment.” ; (Jeffrey C. Ellis), 'On the Search for a root cause: Essentialist tendencies in Environmental discourse', on that Uncommon Ground (ed. Cronon, -95 ; p. 259; 260 – Italics added.) 

;

“In the nineteenth century, the 'scramble for Africa' was carefully disguised as a humanitarian project. Now 150 years later, what we saw at the UK-Africa summit was a desperate and unseemly grab for markets, dressed up as 'development'.” - Guardian - Damian Carrington's commentee on UK gov. and it's some 'developmental deals' (,'lately' or by previously sealed...)

Reading that Monbiot, certainly offers for it's reader the plenty interests worth from 'gains' to it's referred topic (That what cited, on above; the 'nation'-state and it's artificial mechanism to the consolidation of a social cohesion, 'unity'.) I'd think it also offers the lots of material for wished we 'interpretate' even more profound these ecological, or what from more often noted, the political failings to our days. Which from being, or so I'd say, also rather typifying, from the 'current page' in this consumeristic world-wide capitalism. Or, by yet another way, words; (That) what seems for to arise as the most characteristic w. any closer look to the (plenty) 'wrong-gones' at it, the major failings at this quite...obscure concept, entity - That from 'nation state'. From historically and for it's present finding.

[Pic, above] ; ...From 'Sillage' - the story 'Engrenades' (by Morwin-Buchet, 2007) 
(Obviously, ...did change the words/txt on this speak-bubble.) 

'Tres bien', '...bonne nuit ? - ?' ; ...Of the book one fx learns that a conservatism in the US – of the economics, in the energy 'sector', and fx on that already remarked inequality in the country's social economics condition (noted at previous post) - Appears actually kept in it's place, w. an aid by the legislation systems. So, already found from it's very 'foundational base' in place, in the very foundations from the present existant national 'organism'. (Some would perhaps prefer for the term: organization. Think to the possible alternatives, the word hierarchisation too.)

...Yet, I won't go to any of that from very detaily. The previous presented here only as for an 'introductory lead'. Merely. Although, of course, I'd say, that the limitation by a two-party 'share' in the funding and maintenance from any political system must be some major cause to the larger number these noted, said failings.

I also think Monbiot has interesting things from said, on about fx, the Land – and also from concerning the ways by it's (present) 'ownership', how that is currently viewed and treated for from the completely biased manner. In the most countries – At least by any ecological sense, if you think from where our 'anti-climatical' and Nature's neglecting policies most typically tend retrace their origins for. ...From how complete is that irresponsibility in the conceptions for about any 'ownership' (of land), and how into the very 'idea' is rooted the said very neglect. ; Simpliest, that very same misconception (about the land) underlies all the remarked (common) neglect of the basic ecological values. – And then, how by the presently most needed decisions as well may more easy get alienated and distanced from, as their from covered by, left lay under the veil of a tyranny maintained in this present monetary system. The capital ecological crime in the heart from our current economics.

...Given that, we're having for our usual finding the plentiest topics on these writings; This story obviously can't advance for anything much like more particulars on it. – Unless I'd to think I'd devote some amount effort, some pages for the further chapter on that. ; (Which)unlikely for now, by the 'midst' from my these reads.

; However, don't forget to view the other citate here from about nationalism and any usual “unbeknowns” in relating to it's origins in the 1800s – on a fewsome 'passages' below this (,on preceding that chapter on Winds.) Along w. that citate from Monbiot, which on begins the post. 

Along that Monbiot I also read the Mason's Postcapitalism – a 2016 book. (...But guess that too, now on from our snowless winter-weeks, having to only go w. this brief mention.) 

[Pic, below] ; ...From Crepax's Valentina. On a 'Pietro Giacomo Rogeri' (Orig. story from the -72.) ; Also at 'The Complete Crepax', Vol 4.

...Yet, fx it has contained these further 'explanations' from the way how the rise by this past triumphant neoliberal 'missionarism', from how it came for be, this (present) prevailing market 'capitalism', and also cons on how, where, did originate it's effected influences to the 'domestic' and global economy. (And where also then the said economic fails could be traceable to.) Indeed, some parts may be  pretty useful for cited. ; ...For, fx, acc the Mason in during from past latest the 30-40 years, the intended market-'strategy' and politics, that often discussed “free trade” and economic 'liberalism', weren't motivated, by most part, of just an unlimited unsatiable 'overgrowth'. Neither weren't just the globalization's most apparent 'consequent' followings. Instead, he writes, behind it all was that; “... All these things [such as 'fiscal money', 'privatisation and offshoring', 'even globalization'] were byproducts or weapons of its main endeavour: to remove organized labour from the equation.”

...If that might've appeared of little limited shortly, maybe little obscurately compressed, I courteously apologize. - The reason to that from that I only selected to make the few very short mentions on these sources. From having perhaps only (relative) limited familiarity, former reads on anything quite relevant to these said aspects, histories. Havin' also for to advance w. my other writings here.

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...On population, too, at some former 'past chapters' we've had the few references before. ; This occasion, noted along the other (above) remarks some concerned on Ehrlich. – Who's renown book, 'Population Bomb' (1968) could've been also in the above citates. (He seems to said by more lately to had acknowledged the book from having had it's some 'fails'. Yet, by later timings of maintained it's general ideas still for to had some, say, 'validity'.) - Which 'co-info' then seems from useful to provide for that also above cited Ellis's 'explaining' from the same timing – that 1990s. (T0 my finding, merely seemed for tell of how disastrously 'stagnatic' was the decade, by politically and 'economically'. Or from however you'd then like from consider about that. – Now, when for the more widely to the global problems is seeked the global solutions. And not just w. the intentions of their 'local solving' from, sort of.)

[Pic - beside below] ; ...from Valerian-Laureline adventures (by Mezieres-Christin) -  I'll check from the name of that story, once I have the moment...(That, 'The City of the Shifting Waters', 'suppose. From 1970.) - Interesting p-o-w, the 'character' said for a parodising image from the Morris's Lucky Luke - in during an old age. (But the themes of the story less humorising to our 'postward view', such as notable from the 'spoke-bubble'. As the plot involves the global floods, heats, major ecological disturbances...)   

Anyway, Ehrlich's population concerns seemed for had been developed w. a certain push forward in yet another to his books – And yes, quite revealingly, one might think – that was by it's name then the 'Population explosion'. (From publication that seems time for the early 1990s. Or, I think it was so said...) ; Whatever might appeared the most recognizable racial 'bias' on by those decades population discussions - I've still by some occasions thought there yet (in some levels) certain usefulness at that (often disputed) Ehrlich equation. [In the Wikip., under I=PAT, on subsection #the Three Factors, or/and, also see 1st section; #history]  Perhaps even found some reliance to it's main idea(s) - In a similarly little 'perverse' way than what on Malthus one (might) agree 'correct', in the light/knowledge from about how it by was in during the 1800s for 'envisioned' from the future population development. (In relating for then 'relevant' issues, those incl by then practised agricultural 'methods', the prevalent class morality from the time, it's limitations, and how that must've self-evidently affected the Malthus' thinkin.)

; In short: Supposin' that (in both) views there historically maybe interesting, relevant findings for make – And no less notably, to some part interesting recognize what them did achieve to put for effect. I-o-w, to notice what's missing (in the said arguments, acc the present 'understandings'.) Such as was the principal intention for underline by citing of that, above. ; At least one can't also avoid from recognize there must've been the lots from some 'calculated' interpretations, and, perhaps as often, the less calculated misinterpretations on basing to that Ehrlich.

We might, perhaps, also note in this same how those said further 'attractions' to any 'solvent' explanations and their held 'uses' might've had some resemblance from how Darwin took some (his) 'base assumptions' of the Malthus's statistics, as the 'building blocks' to his own evolutionary theory. ...So I didn't mean to say that (personally) I'd necessary think that Ehrlich (equation) from so completely misleading. – Even that I've no difficulty believing the much of the 'consequential' inclinations to it's interpreting might've shown for an amount the typical 1990ian racistic thought. Not quite like anything to that in the 1800s, of course.  ...Yet, w. some apparent similarity for how the Darwin's views were received in during that 1870s, and from how his 'followings' then for the rest of that century seeked the further proofs from (evolutionary) theory,  to back up those standard arguments defensing the(ir) 'racial purity codex'. ; ...Or, think that also little like the limits and limitations in the following word-pairs: Greenhouse 'effect' – Global warming – Climate change. (It translates: Recognition, the more concerned description, and the 'confiscation' from it's main idea. Nowadays we have no difficulty to estimate of where that'd by consequently led for.) 

; ...On a second thought, one notices that in the preceded it perhaps might've appear (of slightly) misleading that those past 'chapters' on population 'debate' were so keenly merged on that 'equation' by Ehrlich's making. (And, for example the more recent sources, such as on that above referred Wiki-link, not use that term from direct to his 'inventing'. But instead favors the more standard 'formula' on the equation, and instead used is that 'I equals PAT', ie equation from where human impacts (on environment) are traced for the following 'factors' : Population, Affluence, Technology.)  So, for example the past 1950s 'chapters', such as the quote refers for, don't exactly relate to quite same timing and level of the, say, 'debates' on that population expansion. ; ...However, the main point was to pay the attention on an aspect of how in that population 'question' there some similar base 'assumptions' seem of resurfaced through the several decades, and, how in that 1970s at least some to those 'assumptions' might've appear apparent traceable to the manner how the said 'debate' probably began take shape. Ie, largely in the 'guarded' limits by the Northern 'developmentalism'.

...As such all this of course rather trivial p-o-w's. But, one fx can avoid notice that the said 'population question' seems still reflect many resemblant emphasizations in the climatic discusses. Soforth, at least useful notice also (that) in the former 'actualized' population debate, there too might've existed little similar 'mismanagement' from what comes to the noted 'factors', cons these human impacts - and what kind of values one reads on those. As them necessary seems to appear had influensed the both debates, that on population and the more recent 'climatic' some.    
 

[Pic, beside] ; ...Such as usual, a major part my 'Spring-time hobbies' these Months was the sowing my Summer-growths. ...Just one amongst were these from the Schizanthus wisetonensis (the 'Butterfly-plant'). Was a bit uncertain whether these last year's seeds would germinate effectively. But some did, actually rather quickly, already early Feb. (I used the warm-up mat on them, though.)  ; The seeds of that plant are sowed under the dark plastic - From the reason that them need germinated in the dark. For another major 'obstacle' on during these early Months, here 'indoors', emerges from that the seedlings easily overgrow in the still limited light. - Such as recognizable in the pic. But I then relocated those closer for the window to some adequate light. (Actually, did also 'replant' those for the separate containers, in the same adding the more dirt around them. By now, the early sunlight from finally soon starting shine more warmly, they're already apparent better somewhat more developed.) ; ...These few issues taken care - along w. remembering to keep the necessary moisture to these still small 'begins' of plant - the rest w- them should go as 'effortlessly' than during the last Summer. - For the butterfly-plants, I noticed, are rather eager to grow. Once the pregrowing period is over - late May, or late June - you then just (around that May) replant them in the good larger vase, container, and keep them 'in emergence' w. the constant weekly fertilization, etc...   

...Such as I did last season remark, these plants reward the patient 'gardener' then w. very a constant, numerous flowerings. (...'till to the early Autumn, maybe from early July.)

 

; ...Yet, the other remark - on that same citate, above - seemed a level more interesting in my finding. That from concerning our technology-driven culture. Or, how to the most typically, there are often some complete denials of the facing from (any) argument that technological 'innovations' might - actually, often do - realize as smght which drives the other species extinctions, ads up for the aerial- and waters-pollution, etc, etc...

(...The first step in the said sort denial goes usually from followingly: 'Look the aspect from some other angles.' ...That the new new 'techs' might help in reducin' poverty – Whether that in case from answers to the same base question, at all. Whether it true or not. And, quite as often; But, in during the former years, decades, that 'was even worse for the environment'. Might indeed appear correct – but also decidedly seems to leave the now problematic question unanswered.) 
 

But whatever the worth by these anxied-pointed concerns...Let us only compress the facts to it for this short: Technology goes presently through many renewals too, and always is new improvements and ecological innovations consequently.

- It then also (often) seems simultaneously to serve that same 'progress-trap'. Pretty much similarly in the manner than what we noted of those typical 'exclusions' in the population-question by the past decades. (Perhaps that being still, presently common). Such as that from having to do w. it's direct connections to the said discrimination in the chain-of-conclusions, fail to take 'in considerations' the one most essential – that from the (global) inequality. The same exclusion often a one major 'arbiter', one essential missing factor in our 'everyday equations'; Often happens, simply because the same already serves to keep us at the certain established 'interim' - Some on which it (feels to) become essential for remain, in case we'd not for dare to overcome the stronghold that keeps the most from our wasteful (present-day) consumeristic ways in the place. The ways of how we, basically, maintain the unchangeable view on ourselves and about our many deeds from.

...It seems also quite undeniable that in the 'long run', during by these most recent few centuries in the human pasts, most new techs when introduced - so far – often only have advanced the Natures fragmentation, it's degradation. By the plainest, of course, that might sound of little 'abruptly' put. Quite as true is that the 'techs – 'in the long term' - been merely just one mechanism within the more general failure from not react for the 'main symptom(s)'. – In our long-gone failures for not notice the Natures former 'warning signs', that meaning. ; Wouldn't bet so much on techs capacity to provide answers on those 'symptoms' via 'easing out' the said problems for us, at this particular timing. Thinkin' that path was already outworn, out-'sauntered' by the timing when this global climate-problem blasted at everybody's conscience. (Ie; By those years from an early 2000s. In some years during by the people started gotten recovering from their millenial-'enthusiasmisms'. Or, from it's hangover.)

(As some good example of this issue: Nowadays it's fx noted that a replacing the atmosphere damaging chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) w. the hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) - oops, not HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon), such as on that earlier read...:) - was from only partially successful 'replace'. - The HFCs now are said found to yet another potential gas that might even more significantly than Co2 appear warming up the atmosphere.) 

[Pic, beside] ; ...Following my remarked idea - I've also already sowed number additional native plants from to soon enriching my garden(s). These some - in their very early emergence, germinating - are Yellow Sweet Clovers (or just Yellow Melilots, Melilotus officinalis from lat. name.) ...Commonplace plants, but they seem said to grow for quite large, in the proper conditions. Legumes (Fabaceae), so them should appear also quite useful to the 'improvement' from the soil. And, not the least important, the bees therefore should like those too. 

(To avoid the 'competition' and overgrowth of the small plants, I already relocated most these 'begins' to the separate containers, too. Interesting see from how they might emerge....) ; And of course, alongside I now have some other native growth in pregrowing period. Or, some that still waiting for to being sowed.  

...And they also now by occasionally discuss on about what'd might be the ultimate, actual 'costs' to the climates in realised, resultantly to our modern networked, mobilised ages. ; For example, I recall that what we lately cited of that book by Bridle's. - In the book it was remarked that the exponential growth by the emissions generated from increase of data-centers and other 'information-techs' for predicted, in no time, from to exceed the present emissions that are generated from all the aerial traffic. (Locally and globally. In a decades time, or from within two – In these climatic timescales, w. the exponential 'growth-graph' for predicted, that a minor difference.)

; Techs not from any ultimate answer to most things. – And even less any miraculous solution for what comes to these now evermore recognized issues to the plain ecological failings. - Such as the are the loss of the species, their continuing disappearance; loss from the natural environment(s), and is also the loss from the 'normal' weatheric conditions.

[Pic; beside] : ...Yet another 'nice one' of the Vampi's original adventures - From 'The Carnival of Death', story by Gonzales-Loew (on the issue 35/1974)

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Further on that 'population-issue', we might also do some use of citing at least a few bits more of that former mentioned Mason (Postcapitalism). Not from due because these preceding ecological concerns, some from having their far longer histories itself; And besides, the most important meaningful profound changes in peoples behaviours, same as before, seems that those are still awaiting from to start for (really) happening. But, instead, for a few notes, view-points on what the main 'issue' in following said - Some that remains still to the more usual worshiped of because it's economic and 'national' importance - the jobs and employencies. (Guess I dare say so, w. this age and experience from...)

; Without any further remarks, or 'reconsiderations', from offered - At that Mason, seemed it then fx also wrote:

“A stunning half of all the projected population growth between now and 2050 will take place in just eight countries, six of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. [x1] ...

[...on the following, that also contains...] The World Bank Economist's...conclusion: 'either poor countries will become richer or poor people will migrate to rich countries'.

But for the poor countries to become richer, they must break out of the so-called 'middle-income trap' – where countries typically develop to a certain point and then stall; both because they have to compete with the old imperial powers and because their corrupt elites strangle the emergence of functional modern institutions. Only thirteen countries out of 100 labeled 'middle-income' in 1960 had become high-income by 2012. ...” ; 

“...If climate change, demographic ageing and a jobs-drought in the developing world were not interacting with a stagnant, fragile economic model, the problems might be solved separately. But they are. ...” ; (Paul Mason), Postcapitalism (2015; p. 257, 258.)

(Couldn't possibly add anything to make the main issues from it more clearly expressed. Therefore leaving the issue on these notes.) 

; ...One can of course 'circle round' all kinds fancy ideas from about how the advances in the 'progressive modernisation' could be imagined for to solve this – so called – 'population bomb' - in the – so called – 'developing world'. ; In short, needed to be 'solved', in any realistic manner would necessitate the more meaningful and profound changes at the World economics to take place – And some of the most important from those would have to do w. the global trade. (the - economics, whole “-mechanism” from.)

 ----------

[x1] : ...acc. footnote, at that page, those said 'eight countries' by the y. 2050 would appear: 'Nigeria, Tanzania, Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Niger, plus the India and the USA.' (Yet, I wonder how that preceding list, doesn't seem to contain any for the S.American countries, fx.) ; And notice, it says 'half of all' the population growth, in the world. Basically, of this view-point the realisation of the modern population “problem” would necessitate not just more effective efforts for extenuating the climatic 'impacts' (much of the said countries situate near to the 'equatorial belt'), but also of efforts concerning how to adapt the economics for this massive growth in the younger 'work-force'. ; ...One is not necessarily of too enthusiasted from w. the realisation on that the greedy and exponential-grown multinationals from some time now seem been turning their interests to not just on the cheap natural resources from, but, also towards the cheaper labour in the African region. ; Yet, it then probable too, also that, so that the 'alternative' and - hope so - 'competitive' economic models and economies might get in development - And from better benefiting the said regions peoples.(And all us other peoples, people of the world, obviously...)

----------------------

'Killer-plagues'...? ; ...Thought then some plenty on the (global) epidemologic(s). Not very considerate...to the most part, from about it. At least not very carefully or comprihensively on what comes to any general view on the present, and past, issues of 'global health'. (After all, on a brief look you recognize there's numbers from diseases, in the world. All from, or almost all, represent the particular characteristics to their own. In addit, most part any country's health record and what comes to the any/many those constant burdens on human healths, 'ever' been present and at least from since an early agricultural begins to having had followed and for more recently increasing recognized from their (former) role to had 'shaped' the civilization histories. On various continents, during various historical periods. So you don't think by this brief look capable to cover anything for too extensively. Merely from it to collect a number detailed 'issues' in a one listing.

Yet, in particulars for tried a little figuring 'bout' from the pandemics and the various (potential) contagious diseases that can emerge such. Those not excepting fx the more severe infecting flus from which there is various some, and, which during an earlier century were a source to rather some (much) concern. Sources for the constant newsings of their potentiality to be causing the wider mass-epidemies, too. Ao from, plus, tried little figure outta on some other diseases, that actually tend having more wider presence, and often the onger historical origins.  ...Or, also appear been 'lately' some source of concerns. 
 

And, whether them might be from expectable, of being 'prospected' from their increasing feared 'enstrenghtenings' by – Such as fx the case also on some time been seen in the worrisome scenario from that of a 'bacteria' and viruses to developing more resistency against what still to 'this day' appear main offical medical manner from to curing them – the antibiotics. Or, 'till recent favored 'tradition' in a called official 'western' medicinery – If I'd for little contrast that to the quite differing manner of diseases 'treatment'; the conceptions, often the more 'religious'-based 'methods' and attitudes on about health. (In some other cultural traditions from.)

 

[PIC] - Beside right: ...From Manara's drawn X-Women (early 2000s), Story, text: Claremont.

; ...Such as often is noted, by lately, to the prediction, Climate Change and it's warming effect (to the World, atmosphere) for some time speculated also to have it's negative impacts concerning that human health too. Most usual noted are consequences that fall on natural environmental conditions, and on the human agriculture – But the potential risks in an increase by some diseases, or from their more wider 'return', the reappearance on the 'new areas', is also amongst sources of some constant estimates. In the climatic science and what comes for the futures of a global health...ao. ; Whether such developments likely or not, and how soon (or, not 'soon') – The usual 'answer' seems appear “yes”, that might be very “likely”. So, on to this view it should make our main source of concern, whether or not it to appear, as yet, from just that actuelt.

...Before forwarding, thought that this for some reads, in addit – It too might prove for quite useful. For some estimable, the climatic 'long-view'. (Like the headliner says.) It a pretty informative article, better than most that try for to 'unite' any climate futuristics and the estimations basis this emerged global 'climatic' science in the same. If you happen have some time – For also thinkin' it seems actually lot better article than the most what must've been written on that climate, periodically within the recent years. (Even now for past few decades time.) Just from because the view-point in from that more long term prospects, and of how to those the global warming might relate for...in some centuries scale.

; And, indeed there is lots also on concerns 'bout that global health these days. Esp. the 'climatic' particulars often note what comes to the levels from by the (inadequate) health care in many poorer countries; What that would mean from coming for ('their'), in the future sense, capacity from to prepare on that for the possibilities. Those often noted negative effects, from the 'runaway' climate warming w. potentials to more 'vastly' start for affect and further harm the 'overall health'. Along w. the economics, food production (Which still are for the most usual discussed aspects.)

After all, from the many major diseases there are 'historical' records that occasional often can have represented rather dim and 'dire' stories. But, of historically any 'specifics' from the many known recognized epidemics aren't always to any too well known, either. – Or, to their particulars, even some disease's identification, what the particular one in fact might've occurred remains some cases for the less certain. Simply from the reason that (surviving) written records don't necessary offer any too firm proofs for. From the more lately, of course, you've might read a lot about the modern DNA-centered study on victim remains (and other relevant physical 'sources'), from brought some more detailed knowledge on the more distant epidemics. Or, even from cons their actual 'origins' from. Yet, obviously the more far history one moves, the less clear is to most cases any left-after evidence concerning. Any epidemies occurrence, 'characteristics' usually becomes disputed. 
 

; But to some 'futuristic' view-point, you at least should have some assurances in level from an existant modern medical care. - Case of anything for the major pandemic from breaking out, in general there does exist all the more medical advances, and in many regions also advances in 'social health', permitting probably better from to prepare on any such scenarios. ...Means that, in any comparison for the said, often more or less 'obscure', pasts and former ages – The times when some to most infamous, major “global” epidemics might've occurred and claimed vast numbers people for their victims.

(...Of course, where-ever those medical services by any country, the social sector and sufficient medical help appear be available for the most peoples from. Also whether (or not) those are even adequately well advanced and the patients from having an affordable chances from seek a medical help, in the first occurrence of any ill health. Affordable enough for the “poorest”, as well as then to those of more 'well-to-do'. While that lack from, often meaning often that most people that can easiest fall outside the most urgent need of medical help, often also being the ones most in need of it. those among the poor.) ; And, obviously there is also a major 'divide' in the health, quite as apparently, still existant between our prosperous 'northern' economies and the less rich 'southern' some. ; They also talk, of course, about the differences, or similar 'divide' inside many countries health care systems. An issue that has to do w. all that, to briefly referred too...But I won't go to any specifics of it, either. ; To the 'foremost' evidence, even any little research on about, gives for basic idea that many here only formerly more wide-spread diseases remain still to more common burdens in the less developed part world, most typically in meny equatorial countries, region. The tuberculosis, malaria, measles, are some of the most common mentioned. )

Addit [19.07.20] ; ...actually quite 'late addit' for to these aspects. ; Or, for what comes to any estimations from the population - in relating for  (population) -sizes, and, the -densities of concerning.

But, it feels perhaps more defensible for the addition of the view-point that the necessary population threshold always been seen for a factor that tends affect of some/(almost) any from diseases to becoming permanent - established in some new area. (Ie region, whether it then a continent, 'pelagic', a singular island, or just a certain country. ; And indeed, acc most estimates that population 'limit' (threshold) in the disease trasmission (to a more epidemic 'proportions of', ) tends appear, for (almost) all known cases, needed from be quite high, indeed. 
; So, fx accJett (,on his study about the pre-columbian, transoceanic contacts), it already 'decades ago' was hypothesized that in during an early agricultural periods, the 'herd diseases' araising after the domestic animals more continuous keepin', would've still needed some minimum host population sizes for to their "permanent maintenance". (If the population numbers dropped below certain 'threshold', the diseases in question "...would die out there." From 'consequently': "The concept of 'critical community size' is now well recognized; it is the minimum magnitude of a substantially interacting population necessary to allow infection of susceptible persons at a rate high enough for the malady to persist - a coherent human population that is sufficiently numerous and dense that a copious new crop of of youngsters is available for infection by the time the malady would otherwise be on the wane owing acquired immunity. This is especially true of the acute community infections rubella, cholera, diptheria, mumps, measles, smallpox, and chicken pox, which spread quickly from victim to victim but are of short duration in the body."(; p. 67-8) 

; ...For an interesting p-o-w, cons these "future" estimates discussed on this, the several insect-carried diseases (such as malaria, yellow fever) similar high population densities from those 'becoming endemic' doesn't seem seen represented in any same level the critical aspect - While, to their endemism there some (lower) level necessitated population amount(s), and then being various other 'thresholds' (Of which, I'm 'supposin for the most meaningful the environment, 'cause that incl. both the local temperature/climates and ecological conditions.) 

; But, of the estimated population 'thresholds' necessary to certain 'temperate' diseases, the 'case examples' maybe on just few to the most common ones - yet, on from a following page can be found then also, fx:

"In the Arctic and subarctic, population densities would have been much too low to maintain such diseases. ...
[and, from the more importantly on this view... ; ]  
History provides numerous examples of disappearances, reintroductions, and additional disappearances of acute infections on islands following initial introductions: for example, of measles in the Faroes, the Fijis, Greenland (first appearance, 1951), and Iceland (with a population of some 200,000). Both smallpox and measles were repeatedly reintroduced to populous medieval Japan but did not become endemic. In fact, study of disease records shows breaks in the continuity of measles in all island populations of less than 500,000.

In the 1970s, estimates of how large a coherent population would be required to produce endemism for measles ranged from a million to several million - a size found in pre-Columbia New World probably only in highland Central Mexico. More recent empirical study of (interconnected) towns in England and Wales showed, for measles, a somewhat lower community endemic fade-out threshold, of about 800,000 persons, and a dramatic drop-off below about 315,000. The range for several diseases in question is probably about  from a quarter to a half million. ..." ; (of p. 68) - from acc. Jett, Stephen C., in Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the pre-Columbian Americas.
 -----------------------------

; The population development might be a factor in any prospected global health too. – World population count, whether or not you cared to admit that – is an issue. While it often emphasized – and quite justifiedly – in relating for the more grotesque differences and levels inequality in the 'development' between worlds various economies, just that 'global inequality', you can't still deny that often population has some amount to do, quite directly, quite much, w. it: Most typical diseases tend strive within the population centre's best – To achieve some 'epidemic proportions', any disease needs almost always to 'move' and become epidemic in via spreading at the large cities. (In the lower scale, within some 'towns'.) ; That so, as nowadays, simply the major part world's populace are said to live in cities – And the development is only predicted from to increase during the 21st century advancin'. (The major increase in the global transfer often seen for another aspect which now is ever-often predicted to aid, and usually feared from it's potential increase the spread by some easily infecting diseases. Like any for the 'flu-related' types, sort of, fx. ...But again, won't go on anything from that – Only recognizing that typically even in the thinly human urbanized environments the spread of any 'standard' diseases becomes, automatically, for a lot more likely than by almost anyplace where the population densities are less. ; In much of literature or texts I read, for example, the airports, were mentioned as the some standard modern channel, or places via which the infections most often spread.)

; Historically, the appearance and spread of some major disease by name is sometimes remembered exactly after the epidemics 'witnessed' in from their major break-up to some major cites, or fromafter the belief for it's “first” region of appearance. – whether it reliable, or only was assumed so. (Oftenmost, for erraneously the names acc the assumed earliest 'origin'.) Such as the cases of the famous 'Philadelphia Yellow Fever-epidemic' (There indeed were several epiemidies by late 1790s, early 1800s.) ; To the more apparent, this case in point, the common name from the 'Spanish' influenza (by 1918s), ...etc.

And perhaps, of course there even still is places where the certain (/or number of) diseases tend have had the 'persistent' presence - from the specific environmental conditions or of due some other reasons – Usually often they strive in the more moisturic climates. Warmth and wet, floods and the heavy rains. (; For another negative aspect, the rats seem to do unfortunate well in such conditions too, being some cases cause to/spreading the diseases. – And often in the cities them, typically are discovered present by major populations on docks and ports. Formerly, in during historic pasts, were known to grow major populations just to those places – Also of due that sail transports that brought food provisions, grains, occasioned to also to them the availability for extra foods, that favoring their increases. - From formerly fx the grain storages used to be less well covered, sometimes left 'in the open', for the rats to harvest 'their share'. ...A bit like for that in during this era, you sometimes read that in any factory for the chocolate bars, the production lines occasionally are found not the most clean and 'tidy' – and some amount 'dirts', plus other less appetite inviting 'ingredient' are said end up in the final products.) ; But the former notes were of some reasons that making the rats typical pests in the major developed cities, not just populating in some poorer districts - In fact do remain a constant burden still on large number any urbanised 'centers'.

; ...Sometimes it seems also claimed that the common annihilation of the cats, by religious reasons (, from been connected to devil worship, paganism, witches; 'all the evil') during the medieval era having by then had aided, from it's part, in the increase from numbers plague-spreading Black rats (Rattus rattus). – But guess', there's also some part in that a similarity for the sort modern 'urban legend'. (At least the plague is also known for been already present in the antique periods, for it's occasional epidemics from happened at Greece and Roman cities - As well as from the 'Near East' are known. ; Matter-a-fact, recent read also that according recent archeological discoveries, some excavated early ruins of the "earliest" town remains found, had 'recorded' the evidences from suffered the major epidemic. That estimated to timing some 5,000 to 6,000 year ago.)

...In from some 'nearer' pasts (the 1800s), Rome still was most renown from not just of it's antique heritages, but of it's 'bad air', originating to the former existence of unhealthy marshes nearby. – Until those were dried-up during Mussolini's era. Or, similarly quite meaningful also in many North European cities was the inadequacy in a level from sanitation conditions, sewage systems, etc. The London in 1800s remained vulnerable to number repeating cholera-epidemics until the more specific regulation and public control on water quality were put on legislatives', during Disraeli's [Benjamin, 1804-81, 'the Earl of Beaconsfield'] prime ministery (late 1800s). W. the better supervision and control for to guarantee that no sewage wastes etc enter the clean water. Etc. (Some say, those were to the first modern public health policies organized in the major industrial era. At any major city. Matter-a-fact, not quite sure if that either is quite precise a 'claim'. But it must've belong on some for the earliest.)

----------------

'...Majick in my eyes, I can see for Miles...' ; And still, of course, the human persecution from the certain animals can lead for negative consequences for the peoples too – For examples, by presently for increasingly is talked about that the declines in pollinators, large part due for 'our' uncontrolled uses (,esp. formerly) from the herbicides and insecticides that threaten the amounts bees. – And of resultant to their further declines (globally) it could also endanger the human food production, as the number of major food crops dependent on insect pollination.

A point of view that aspect too, as for some other potential threat – along w. our fx previous post references from the number other human agricultural 'burdening', disadvantageous 'aged' practices affecting the bees - This following Unearthed-article seems for provide practical graphic descripts from a current use by number from the HHP ('Highly Hazardous Pesticides'), at several 'continental areas', countries. ; While the uses of chemial pesticides may have been declining, to some time, and the most harmful now gotten banned in Europe, such as it also says – Yet, in the countries like Brazil or India the pesticides 'markets' seems still calculated continue from making it's largest portion the industry's 'revenues'. (...containing several in that discusssed, endangering for both the humans and foremost, for the bees. ; ...Such as on it mentioned; '...classed by EU regulators as damaging to fertility, sexual function or unborn child.', 'biggest markets [for HHP]...the commodity crops soya and corn' ; and, 'ultimately', it for concluding that the worsest, most poisonic chemial killers '...should have been phased out of use long ago'.)

; ...Well, now thinkin', that if our previous news weren't enough, that would suffice me stop buying an imported Brazilian fruit, finally, completely... - But view that what noted, the above link (One can always return to this page – It will remain here, still after.)  
 

...But just as concluding this, it obvious also that much in the present increasing noted vulnerabilities – Them must have the lot in common w. the humanity's 'day after'. Will have their considerable impacts on our future healths too. There's no 'fool-proof' way to estimate what the ultimate overall consequences from our continued burdening for the insects will be (and other 'fauna', along w. the related ecological degradation.) But once it gotten 'off the critical limits', becomes increasing apparent that subseqeunt losses to this 'chemical chainsaw' - such as the one rather descriptive term I once read (wrote by the 1990s, that was) on referring for an increase, continuence in the insectoid's uses on a tropical range – and the human health will continue suffer too.

; For the more overall picture, here's few more compact remarks on 'how' it affects, for constantly destructing of the numbers important insects species along w. some targeted w. the pesticides sprayed on fields. - And that way also changin the interrelated ecological 'cycles', that, for the insects in particulars are very...'delicate'. – On yet another Unearthed-article:

“But bugs perform other functions too: spiders, ladybirds and wasps (to name a few) act as pest controllers, preventing the populations of insects such as aphids or mites from destroying crops. ...”, (and) ;

“ 'The modification of the habitat that has occurred in Europe – for example around the UK – is tremendous and most people don't believe it because they are not familiar with this older literature of 120 years ago.', says Pauly.“

; ...on frogs (declines) the complete role played by the human chemial pollution is probably all but clear to it's various levels. – Yet, of reading that article's, on begins one fx gains the followed figure:

“In the last 50 years, from Europe to Africa to South America, mass mortality events have sent at least 90 species to global extinction, with 500 more experiencing dramatic declines.”

...For the estimated 5000 to 7000 frogs(/amphibian) species in the world, the procentual amount don't at first sight in the 'unprofessional' eye wouldn't perhaps seem to so drastic. But fromafter the recognition that the worst part co-effects to the global warming yet to be seen, the major effects in for the further frogs declines, that is more likely to appear show just it's 'beginnings from'. (The amphibians being the group of animals prospected to the most vulnerable on global climatic changes.) ; And, it not the less relevant, here, if we too make a reminder of that frogs appear harvest numbers insects, many also commonly 'treated' as pests – including those that can also transmit human-infecting diseases like, ao, the mosquitoes.

From the (estimated) severity from insect-declines we already had for described, in the former post. Yet, on the Lewis-Maslin (2018) fx has some figures – and perhaps originating from the same study for which our earlier reference was linked on – so from that only little, for yet more shortly cited. In below;

“..., the mass of insects collected in the Orbroicher Bruch nature reserve in northwest Germany dropped by 78 per cent in twenty-four years. They captured 17,291 hoverflies in 1989, but just 2,737, from identical traps in identical locations, in 2014. “

; ...Furthermore: “...our impact on evolution extends beyond eliminating other life-forms. The development of diverse products that interact with life is also altering evolutionary outcomes. The use of pesticides causes the deaths of the targeted pests, for example, but some survive to reproduce – and so evolution continues, but influenced by human actions. ... Some evolutionary biologists suggest that evolution is occurring faster because today's rate of environmental change is so fast, meaning that we human's are now Earth's greatest evolutionary force.” (; Lewis – Maslin; p. 250.)

...Whether or not that then arguable – that aspect, the 'rate' by 'evolutionary change' also from briefly was discussed in the previous post's writings – insect-study well-long has established an amount evidencies that from due their rapid life-cycles their evolution can develop and react to human impacts in the faster 'paces'.

-------------- 

From cons much to the prior (and somewhat which after this noted): Of during some decades it was also observed for an increased resistency against the insectoids in malarial mosquitoes. 
Ie, also been noted the reduced effectivity in the combat against malaria of the bednets sprayed w. some insectoids, which meant for to kill the malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the first place. (Their emerged resistency noted for a one example of the previous said, the insect's capacity to the 'rapid' evolving, to develop novel resistencies in during just some decades time-scales.) In short, 'though one by the 'standard' remarked sees from mention that at the 1950s the DDT's uses in eliminating the mosquitos might've provided effective means in that effort - This view too gives the idea that the 'chemial-front' is not always the best available solution. (; Besides, of course, the DDT long since been known connected in it's harmfulness to human health and from accumulation in the food production 'chain', too. Like numbers man-made chemial 'combinations' it doesn't dissolve in the natural ecological process...Soforth the using was banned on most parts the 'developed' world already by around till' from 1970s.)

Thenagain, many peoples in the malaria-burdened regions often not tend from had the too many alternatives available. ; And, it's fx said that still for the recent time the use of the insectoid-sprayed bednets, so far having remained the best protection. Esp. for the most vulnerable, the infants and youths under that 5 years. (Acc. a WHO-article, near for 70 per cent from all malaria 'deaths worldwide' were children under that age. In Africa, the .falciparum-malaria causing over 99 per cent from the all cases of infections. Also, in that region '...the 93 per cent of malaria cases and 94 per cent of all malaria deaths') ; Usually also is noted from an importance in the adequate level from housing, residencies, in the keepin out, the exclusion of mosquitoes in night-time. (Cons also to that malaria-prevention, from the infections not so easy from breaking up in their epidemic proportions.) And, of course, the availability of an affordable medical care remains to it's major foremost importance.

However, positively, acc that same link(WHO) there was said that now there also is vaccination developed; Actually for a few years existed, though effective only against that most most severe 'strain' from the malaria. Acc. that 'combining' article, it said that as well is vaccacine now; '...acts against p.falciparum, the most deadly malaria parasite globally and the most prevalent in Africa.' ; ...Subsequently, the WHO's 'strategy in y. 2016-2030' seems also said set for it's targets the 'ambitious but achievable goals', which seem include: ...reducin' cases by at least 90 percent by 2030. ; Reducin'...mortality rates by at least 90 per cent (Until' that same year). ; Eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries in 2030. ; Preventing...resurgence in all malaria free-countries.

Possibly, the third target might prove the most difficult achieve. (From assuming that the vaccination to prove it's efficiency in uses, that anything too unexpectable changes don't change the 'overall circumstances'. ; ...From historically to those most negative having been the break-ups by new wars, and, fromafter those resulted 'collapses' for the social and medical health sectors in several countries. Along, the increase in numbers for refugees...ao, other 'side-effects' for resultant.)

From the aspects that seemed to little 'questions' the noted optimisms (or the aimed prospects for positive advances), came for to read, fx, this – And thinkin' it seemed for provided a rather useful, then probably quite recent informations on it too. – As that to explain some (most?) recent finds on malarias, and what difficulties/whether there would now appear in newer (,and better) chances, potential ways from to it finally for 'combated' against. (On whether/how likely the such chances for would by now seem, apparently. - Ie, what are then the actual likehoods of the disease someday sent to it's more complete 'retreat' and, say, to exclusion of the 'circulation', for it still a cause of deaths from numerous human victims.) ...Acc to the article, it seemed said perhaps from turned out even more difficult than how it sometimes before was assumed be, from expected. But view about that link too, here just alongside to our these...more 'overall informations', say.
 

; ...On the other hand, the new knowledge always also tends increase the possible new treatments, and, 'cures for,' sort of. ...Which mentioned merely as some reminders here (As it, same as earlier, not elseways permitting for make about anything the too specifical details for remarked, encontained on this.) 

; Globally, there appears exist, several various forms in the malaria. – Which meaning, by the usual division, the disease appears in the following ('strains') from: plasmodium vivax, -falciparum, -ovale, -knowlesi, -malariae, - All separate 'strains' of the disease. Such as on above remarked, malaria seems also of had some near 9000 y. 'co-existence' w. the humanity's paths. Sometimes earlier it often was called for a 'scourge' of humanity and obviously by no from little reason. ; Whatever the effectivity/specific of the more modern vaccinations, likely developed, then also to some time been the preventative medications. (Some from relative effectively protecting the infection for not entering the blood-stream, and which people that temporary journeys on known malaria-stricken (-'burdened') areas are advised for maintain while their stay.

'mal air'(Lat. words) - malaria ; ...Considered then, fx, whether I'd able of formulate anything more for say on more particular on that Malaria...ao other diseases. Mainly from the 'tropical' ones, those insect-spread some. ; ...Considering also it's discussed (malaria's), from occasioned discussed potential for to spreading for the “new” areas, in this (now, notably 'constant') warming world. ; A case in point, that many of the regions now considered for the more vulnerable, actually by formerly also might've hosted the disease. From during some past centuries. Yet, such as also perhaps was in that prior noted, said, it's occurrence is found been able to keep for the still it's somewhat steady (but slow) decline, into the latest decades. - Also it seems said declined on some from most affected African regions. Not the least, maybe, from also to direct resultant for some social and economic advances. (On the several countries for where it noted for declined, one would expect.)

So, for the following then entering of to make merely for more separate notices.

 ---------------------

; Still by the during that 1800s malaria, fx, also was not at all recognized to solely for a 'tropical', or an 'African' disease. Old books and biographies feat many a mention on cases of child deaths and infant mortality from it, likeliest. As well as common are the mentions on suffered intermittent repeating fevers by adults. (And, for example, in the case of Mary Shelley, likeliest, the loss of child 'inspired' her of writing her latter novel on a world pandemic – That by name for the The Last Man by 1826. The book also has several political and 'prophetical' emphasizes in the plot...But the novel's main story is on a global humanity's wiping disease. Sort of a biological and epidemologic thriller enrooted to it's own era. (In some 'resemblance' to the modern-day Robin Cook. Or perhaps even, say, Margaret Atwood.) ...Which might be said just to a one example of the many connections, social-cultural, 'political' and historical, that diseases can turn out reflect. ...Yet another fiction book these thoughts – some reason – brought on mind being Camus's Plague (La Pestes, 1948) ; ...By coincidence, on that last mentioned, happens that in passing came then from read/check about this - Along w. the description on that Camus' novel, seems that fx provide a useful details from cons some antique sources to diseases and 'plagues'. Such as, (on that) noted that Camus for this novel adapted the style to reporting epidemic of "...sober and clinical" from Thucydides (ca, 460-400 BC; Who sometimes been claimed for the first 'real historian' ...'though the claim remains a little disputable, for it proven that the Thucyd, at some his writing on that renown 'Pelonnesian War' (history) not exactly always kept for the "authentic" historical fact.) ; But all from that, of course, only is of the secondary importance,  on this.

...Yet, likewise, to some 'contrasts', on measles - and of some other traditional 'temperate regions' mass killers for contagious diseases - there seemed by lately still noted cases from repeated re-emergence in some larger epidemics. At least, 'those' seemed noted having remained 'persistent' in some remote corners of the world, while at this 'developed North' the said diseases for decades long now considered the 'harmless' children's diseases. (Measles too, fx, that so much declined, seems the chilhood vaccinating against not is a norm anymore.) – But, it having still remained present on places where there being only (relative) little advanced modern health care systems. (Incl. that the wider vaccinating against having been for scarcer until for recent – Again, until relatively recent.) Or, sometimes having to do w. that on those regions the vaccinating been objected, fx due from the religious (/or some other) reasons.

; So, on measles, as well (esp.), seemed it still said that despite continued efforts by the WHO it was noted to represent still main serious cause of a child mortality in a number for pelagic regions in Pacific. (Some worst recent epidemies were mentioned from to having occurred on Samoa and on some comparable 'islets', incl. fx also the New Guinea.) ; Often those areas seem for been the places where an indigenous population originally might've appeared from lacking any former developed 'resistency'. The earliest historical, former infections 'cycles' or the first epidemics still from to relative recent by any comparable scale. And still by presently the resultant death-rates, esp. young children concerning, might've been more serious. (...On that, the Samoa, the measles-epidemics, on the Guardian-articles here;  and here, fx.) 
 

; However, acc the WHO's hopes to measles's eradication, in during some nearest decades, seemed then it also for usual said that the earlier targeted might've appeared perhaps over-optimistical. – Then also was noted that mostly the regions where disease still remained for persistent for having, in time, for constantly been to diminishing. (; Although, However, also view that graph, pic-text on below this paragraph.)  Pretty much in similarity w. what the case also of Polio (poliomyelitis), on from what was noted on the WHO's successes in the more prior, before 2000s, began former campaigns to it's global eradication. In most cases from the resemblant diseases, the major successes for historically, seems for followed the effective vaccination-campaigns too. – So, despite that there a common critique on the mentioned 'overt-optimism', one then perhaps ain't so unhopeful that those target might in some coming decades be achieved. (But has to say, I didn't effort trace the details, of the more particulars.)

(PIC, beside) ; Graph from the Guardian - showing the increase/numbers for new measles deaths fromafter the epidemic's 2019-20 outbreak at the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). (The amount/increase w. the paler red color, on graph.) Which succeeds to give some idea that the persistency by Measles - It is noted also to a very highly contagious disease when compared for almost any others from (global) infective diseases - remains the major cause for the child deaths, where-ever the vaccinations against aren't been extensive enough. (; Or, the other conditions, such as the limited level in the existent health care-sector. ao.) ; in the news-links below, the epidemic seems fx said killed 'three times as many people', during a same period as the former Ebola-epidemic. ('Suppose it also was said, some place, that only tuberculosis by presently, kills more people from globally, by any year.) In case from the DRC-epidemic, also seems it mentioned that malnutrition in the more remote regions from had worsened situation. Also, as vaccination-coverage remained low, from 'resultant' in certain areas; '...25 percent of the reported measles cases are children over the age of five.') 
; ...Acc the newsings (,such as fx on this newsing, at Al-Jazeera) the 'International community paid little attention to the outbreak', ...apparently, that permitting from disease's spreading on it's more serious scales. (The noted increase in new infections also seems been recognized from largest since the 1960s.)   As well (it says), the '...regional African powers also failed to respond to the epidemic in the DRC efficiently'. (But the reason to that I at first didn't encontain these figures on the post, was more of my own omission. - As I gathered the informations for it, didn't check from the noted DRC-epidemic for any particulars, by originally. Now it should cover the main details, at least.)         

...Furthermore concerns-worth, or seems it also from (lot) debated, whether always the 'complete eradication' in any realized world-wide campaign would've been to the best imaginable achievable result: For, fx, the fears from the Smallpox's imaginable 'return' seem also sometimes occasioned raised aforth. As from it's complete eradication in world led to the ending from a vaccination against. That also resulting for the circumstance that the younger generations now might actually appear the more vulnerable for it – From lacking immunity against. (Where from earlier, some had 'developed' that - when people having had disease and w. thenafter possessing 'natural resistency', or then also the same achieved to most via vaccinating program.)

; ...From categorically, the (smallpox's) eradication, as yet, noted to represent the greatest achievement in any campaigns at the WHO's history. (And one possibly can't deny, oftenmost in during pasts it was indeed recognized for cause of the most horrifying infections. Even that the adults not near quite that commonly died to, than was the threat in some other diseases.) Yet, issue remains sometimes constantly discussed due because there is then remarked of the various manners disease could, potentially, still find it's way back from to burden humanity. ...But, I'll save you from most those speculations. ; Those past burdening histories appears also contain quite common instances where it would've occurred, appeared 'connected' for the some other human 'major' historic details: Fx, that of the conquistadors, and the fall from the Inca- and Aztec-empires. ...Then is fx those many speculated 'concerns' from the disease's 'genomic', still for having been kept also in the labs/'vaults' by the former cold war powers, kept in the reserve from the means of defense in possibility to it's potential uses by the other. (To just one remarked singular aspect that first comes for mind.) ; ...And to an 'interesting' example too, to mention, that Mary Shelley (Wollstonecraft) – the formerly mentioned famous horror fictionalist – also suffered (and survised) disease during her adult age.

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"An amusing story is told of the first meeting of Mme de Staél with Fichte, whose system of philosophy was difficult to understand. 'Can you give me, Monsieur, in the least possible time, for example, in the quarter of an hour, a rapid glance at your system; what you understand by your 'moi' ? I do not see it clearly.'

Fichte did so. In a few moments Mme de Staél interrupted him. 'That is sufficient, sir. I understand. You work your system like the Baron von Munchhausen who, arriving at a river with no means of crossing it, seized his left sleeve with his right hand and swung himself to the other shore." ; from Posgate: Madame de Staél (-68: p. 130-1.) ; ...this often repreated anecdote is on midst the discussion about Staél's Germany (1813) - Perhaps that still not from it's original source. (Can't say, having not read that)

; Addit (29.7.2020) :  A fewsome 'lately discoveries' caught my attention from after writing these chapters. First, from w. only a mention, is that by recent (?, 2019...) it from recognized now that also several other diseases (,such as fx, the above limited discussed Smallpox) actually are found for had the far longer 'historical record' in the human pasts - and then, resultantly, that 'coexistence' almost automatically leads one of speculate w. the role by their possible influence for the human evolution of that far past. (Acc to that, 'at least 1700 years back' , from what concerns that Smallpox; And the Measles-virus already 'might have jumped to people in the first millenium BC'. ; Also on 2018, it was for showed (that) the hepatis B from infecting humans since 'Bronze Age, 5,000 years ago'. And, in 2015, it also was reported the similarly 'early origin for the plague'. (Which, I recall, perhaps already mentioned in some part this text from before.) 
Such as from about it is for explained at this Nature-article.

; While those 'timings' are perhaps only 'estimable', and perhaps some cases even more older origins might be later found (, due because of any further developments in the DNA-research, fx) - also given there always likehood to that in any later discoveries to old skeletal material/or from ancient cemeteries that are excavated - The discovery seems prove for to emerge from quite influential cons much 'prehistoric' knowledges and of likehood that'd some from be 'advanced' in the (near) futures. (Yet, some on which any firm 'proofs', maybe still are to be awaited from emerge.) At least, it still further also seems now shown that there always was also the lot more variance in the known (epidemic) diseases than until for this was been recognized. (For examples, the article mentions that Viking-populations already were suffering of pathogens from that smallpox, of that variola-virus, but - surprisingly - the '...lineage infecting the Viking-era samples was not a direct ancestor of nineteenth- and twentieth-century lienages.' ; So, that (lineage) then is said for died out at some point, and from how seriously it would've had persecuted the more ancient populations isn't by any too certainty. ; ...Of the more 'modern' Smallpox-variants there are known existed the two variants (variola major, and .minor) from which only the other is renown for been the cause of the still feared, and in the pasts lot circulated epidemics from.)
 ; Wikipedia mentioning that an 'average' risk of death in that more serious 'strain', from Smallpox, V.major, was 'about 30 per cent' (and from more high on the infected newborns and infants). It also mentions the Rinderpest for so far for the only other human eradicated (contagious) disease, that by the 2011.  ('Rinderpest' said of had affected the bovine-animals, ie the cattles, etc...)

Whatever may be the further consequent discoveries from these findings, these noted more ancient origins give me some cause for the followed 'speculatives', via the few quotations. Not that those from too 'self-evident' would, anyhow, relate to these disease-histories - But, one imagines that the progresses in their understanding might've lately lead/would in time lead for better knowledge of the early transoceanic 'contacts'. Some that Jett by these exmples, among others given, means for develop. His book (Ancient Ocean Crossings, 2017) elsewhere on this text also is from quoted, a bit.  

...From acc Jett, fx; (in 1995) ...Wilkinson, 'presented evidence' of pre-Columbian', 

"...presence of mosquito-borne yellow fever in the tropical Americas, suggesting that its reservoir was American monkeys and that its vectors were the indigenous mosquitoes Haemagogus spp. He noted what sounds like yellow fever symptoms described in the Mayan epic the Popol Vuh, and he attributed the Classic Maya collapse to an urban epidemic of the disease...

 Yellow fever is traditionally supposed to be of African origin, but the evidence for this is inconclusive, and the diseases could plausibly be native to South America. ..." (; 294)  

...Not from near so confirmed of that 'claim' from the Yellow fevers S.A. origin, or even from it's more early 'presence' in the continent. But perhaps the more modern 'techniques' may have advanced the identification 'bout causes to (some) those old epidemics that formerly were only studied, or even known, via the few surviving written sources. Certainly there every reason for a 'plausible' asssumption that the likely happened more 'ancient contacts' could've brought also some others for typically ancient Mediterranean existed and/or in Africa-'evolved' diseases to their somewhat less constant occurrences in S.America. Perhaps even to the severity from having contributing from level by large demographic 'impacts'. (Yet, for that see also what cited from Jett on some paragraphs above.) ; The fact remains that not near so much of the 'ancient' civilizations in Mesoamerica/Yucatan survives, as it already had got for more obscured, ao, in during early post-columbian years due the supression of a Catholic church. - Or by the colonists, whom'd from advanced their aims under that 'veil' of their own religion. (Meaning the destruction of much of the original sources, written and other cultural 'evidence'.)
...Anyway, prior for that (Jett) also remarks 'bout similar 'possibility' from origins of typhus, as 'some think' that it '...may have contributed mightily to the fall of Teotihuacan and the Classic Maya collapse of AD 750-950...' ; Also (is said, that), 'Colonial-period Peruvian populations appear to have had some degree of resistance to the disease and there are possible depictions of its symptoms in Aztec pictures. [So, acc Jett, also of Typhus] ...Contary to conventional supposition, all this suggests an origin in the Americas; the earliest good Old World description is from Granada, Spain, in 1489. ...' (; same page) - ie, if so, remarkably near by the years from Columbus's early travel(s). (Actually to a few years before that 'canonized' - obviously falsified view - to the "first contact" year.)

 

Whatever the relevance by the above speculations from, about, I'm at least willin' to think that the somewhat older view of the (so called) 'New World' of originally almost disease-free, must appear merely from an exaggerated romanticed a view. ; ...But there fx is not any practical reasons, arguments to say that any of these said diseases by 'earliest' originated on one or the other side from the Atlantic. Nor from that whether some, or any from these mentioned diseases could've affected to the ends by some 'civilizations'. The less 'exciting' explanation given for  the Mayan "collapse", fx, is by now more often stated; It notifies that the peoples or the cultural 'continuence' in the area never actually "disappeared" - It may have only seen the more continuous changes, which proven by the fact that there's still modern descendants to the 'ancient' (or 'Classic') Mayan peoples still inhabiting the 'roughly same' region. 

[Pic, on above] ; Nemi - a heroine from the comics-series w. the same name. On a cover from 2018-compile. ; ...But of the period, should that be the depiction of the Pasts, or from the Future - I can't  for any too confirmed, say. Perhaps it's not the most important an issue, question to answer, not for the most important finding, on this.

By anycase, one has the impression that the more these modern 'techs' can from reveal of those pasts - Such as DNA-remains studied, some 'evidence' now so much favored - it might become necessary, most useful to 'combine' in the same consideration all the older evidence there is. 

For, cons that aspect: There also seems been around, for some time, the more direct evidence of the ancient transoceanic contacts. (Also, some archeologic studies now seem for estimate the original population history of the American continents to go back not of just thousands or tens thousands years, but as far as beyond  hundred(s) thousands years. Although any "confirmed" archaeological evidence of that seems still been difficult from to prove. ; ...However, for examples, even if one takes just one region from under the more specific observation - the 'early begins' by at least on any "coastal" prehistoric 'Ocean-traffic' soon becomes from very...obvious. For, also acc that Jett, the 'lately' research having pushed the earliest human (by .sapiens, or carried by 'other hominids') settlement in, fx, the many Mediterranean isles for the lot more distant pasts. So, along w. some 'respectable dates' (, such as 'Farming became established on Cyprus ['and'...] ... ,on Sicily and Crete ...between 8200 and 6000 BC'.)  - there is now, also, the increasing evidence, despite (/'although'); "...fairly recently there was little evidence of really early voyaging in Mediterranean/North Atlantic world. [But, (Bednarik) ...] ...determined that five Mediterranean islands were reached in Pleistocene times, including as early as 300,000 years ago in the case of Sardinia. Human remains dated to about 50,000 years ago were found on Crete, where erectus-type stone tools appear at pre-170,000-year-old levels (and style suggests 700,000 years). There is evidence of humans on sothern Ionian islands at some 110,000 years ago. Similar Acheulian tools on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar suggest regular crossing by hominins - probably, Homo erectus - as early as 1.4 million years ago. ..." (; 171-2)
; Before one gets over-enthusiasted 'bout from all that, it's perhaps useful to mention that cons any from the very oldest dates mentioned, in time the changes of landmasses, coastal lines and therefore also the 'distances' to any crossings might had varied, in past from that Mediterranean sea. However, not fx so from the Gibraltar's part, which has been connected to the Atlantic from since late Pliocene, ca 5 million y. in the past. (...And so, the 'regular' crossing from w. rafts, from very early times over the narrow strait doesn't seem at all unlike - It's not even very wide by distance. From presently, the '...Ferries cross between the two continents every day in as little as 35 minutes.' )

Of the more recent periods, those 'trans-oceanic contacts' much more evidence seems exist - ao, if one reads those plentiest listed on Jett's book. That often only is said formerly often gone 'by-passed' - Or at least still recently did remain from lot  parts (, 'mostly') for the source of disputed and 'suspected'. (Sometimes also been directly of concealed, we find...) 

; ...As the following (quoted) not so much 'crosses any path' w. the main topic by my (these) addits - the diseases, historically and 'presently' - I think I've not too much reasons from any commenting to accompanying that. Yet, seems it for some notices worth. - Also thinkin', the following observed 'story' from to give a quite good background for these estimates more overall. (These 'selective picks' again only from, of course...) ; IOW, what seems to emerge from rather 'convincing', at least for my any finding from. And what only has received for, of...surprising little any wider recognition. 
(Given from how imaginations tempting seems been the discovery of that evidence, by the  earliest and considering the later followings at that "story"...)  
 ------  

(Pic, beside) : Phoenician sea-faring sail. ('reconstruction', but apparently acc typical ancient model) Drawing originates for the Goldsmith Carter: Sailing Ships and Sailing Crafts, 1969. (Here from acc. that Jett, p. 214. ; Also, on that 'vessel' is characterized to '...a single mast with a loose-footed square sail plus a quarter rudder; note the stem- and starnposts.' )
; ...As (also) described in an above Wikip.-link the Phoenicians are often 'merited' as '...the earliest known people to engage in expansive maritime trade and seafaring.' ; Whatever one thinks for the 'exactitude' by that claim, it's worth a-point-view also reminded that their 'sea-empire' seems consisted of the several unified ports and 'harbor towns', by the Mediterranean coasts, from w. some similarity to the independent city-states in Greek mainland. Along that it is remarked that the Phoenicians didn't write down their histories (or for more generally, left after little written sources.) 

(p. 321); ...The 'evidentiary picture' "...regarding possible pre-Columbian transfer of tobacco changed dramatically beginning in 1976, when the government of Egypt asked scientists in France to study and conserve the second-millenium BC mummy of Pharaoh Ramses II ('the great'). The French team was surprised to discover that the deceased potentate's thoracic cavity had been packed with shrewded tobacco leaves, of an undetermined species [...on preced italics from added by me] , and that the mummy's wrappings contained nicotine as well as an imago of an adult supposedly American dried-tobacco-eating cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne ...) In 1931 this same insect species, it turned out, had also been reported in considerable numbers from fourteenth-century BC Pharaoh Tutanhkamun's tomb - the inner spaces of which had been sealed until 1922. Most of the beetle specimens were inextricably embedded in the once-liquid contens of alabaster jars in the anteroom and seemed clearly contemporary with the emtombment. ... these [in the omitted part described] Eastern Hemisphere archaeological occurences and lack of any in America have caused some to conclude that the insect is of Old World, not American, origin as previously supposed, despite its closest relatives being New World species and its having evolved a unique tolerance for nicotine. [...but indeed, some recent molecular studies of genetic 'closeness' by insect have revealed some surprises, so that claim to 'disproof' (It's 'Old World'-origin), not necessary would for appear from so 'unusual'...who knows? However, on the following year, ] ... At this point the findings were suddenly suppressed. The Egyptians refused to allow carbon-14 dating of the tobacco and did not permit proposed examination of other mummies from the same site for possible tobacco, and the scientific reports published drew no geographical conclusions. ... The specimen is said to have since disappeared."

;  ...From 'Furthermore', along from noting of the later 'accumulated' claims for finds of 'residues and metabolized products' from nicotine, and, of cocaine in some researched egyptian mummies, there also is explained (that). ; "...the native tobaccos [number of species, in the genera...] nearest to Egypt grew wid in Australia and certain Pacific islands, as mentioned above, and cocas are South American wet-tropical-forest species. Coca relatives known from South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and India do not contain the relevant alkaloid, and in any case are distant from Egypt. Other Old World species of plants are not known to contain cocaine. 

These startling findings produced a negative reaction in academia. ... The 1997 television special Cure of the Cocaine Mummies did draw the popular attention to the matter. On camera, Egyptologists pointed out that there were no ancient records of trade in tobacco or coca, or any known depictions in Egyptian art. ...

Meanwhile, a member of the original Austro-German research team reported more fully on tests of one mummy of circa 950 BC, finding nicotine and its metabolite cotinine, which showed that this was not a matter of postmortem contamination from insecticides or tehcnicians' tobacco smoke, as had been suggested by several commentators, rather, it signaled in vivo ingestion, also supported by alkaloid's being concentrated in the cadaver's stomach, intestines, and liver rather than in surface tissues.  ..." (; p. 322-323.) 

...After that (Jett's) followed discussion of those 'tobacco and cocaine-mummies' as evidence for the ancient Ocean crossings goes on for some lenght, several pages. (Ao, from containing the following mention; "...significant residues of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine were also identified in five of eight naturally preserved cadavers from Guangzi province in southern China, dating to some 3750 BC, thus, significantly, earlier than the oldest Egyptian mummies tested. ..." (; p. 325)     
...But it has to suffice on this, for our purposes only lastly cite one final paragraph of that chapter. (...For I've not, as yet, even viewed from how this is presented on any other sources, ao, etc... Feels to me of quite plausible though - Also cons what noted on a following for 'conclusions');

   "The almost inescapable implication of all this is that somehow the ancient and early medieval Egyptian elite had access to drug plants native to South America. Natural carriage of these plants to Egypt (or Asia) by birds is so unlikely as to be dismissible. In any event, the climate would have been unsuitable for the growing of coca. Whether these plants would, then, have been harvested in the Americas and imported as goods (perhaps with their fellow-traveling paracitic beetles), or have intentionally been introduced in the form of seed (at least, in the case of tobacco) and become established at some tropical site accessible to Egypt (for example, in southeastern Asia via Indian Ocean trade) or, at least for Nicotiana, in the Nile Valley itself, is not yet clear." (; p. 326)

; Well, that seems for the logical finding - But guess I'll have devote some looks on this 'mystery'. (By sometime, someday...)
 ---------------- 

Also, of bit later added (like that on preced.) ; ...In overall, cons to our any (other) recent enlearnings from about the (many) mass-epidemy causing diseases, and (also) cons some to the 'lately decades' advances in the medical science(s) - few aspects, I think, to some main importance also from understood are found on what comprised (,from enshortened) at following:

"A future free of infectious disease is simply unrealistic. Living things have parasiticized one another since the beginning of life itself, and no amount of intervention will alter that. ...What is attainable, however, is minimizing the impact of disease while understanding that it will always be with us. we can slow or stop pandemics, and we can reduce the amount of death and misery that diseases cause. ...

What has changed in our understanding of infectious diseases over the last fifty years ? ...The simplest way to minimize the impact of disease is to minimize its incidence in the first place. We are learning that there is synergy between population-level and individual-level approaches to prevent disease. ... 
As our studies have illustrated, the organisms that cause diseases evolve. ... [Yet, because of an 'inherent randomness'] ... , the fewer organisms that are present, the less likely it is that they will evolve to become more virulent. Think of it this way: if there are twenty viruses, and a mutation that makes them resistent to an antiviral agent happens only one in a million times, it's quite improbable that one of them will experience that rare mutation. But if there are a billion of them, the event is practically inevitable. 
..." ; Wayne - Bolker : Infectious Disease. A very short Introduction (2015; p. 100-1.)

...It doesn't, exactly, make me think that the vaccination or quarantine (, as those are given for some main examples to the effective 'preventions' been invented during humanity's pasts, on within it's disease-history) would necessary be the foremost methods of. - The effectivity by those, esp from the first mentioned, fx, despite of the fact by it's renown historical major importance, also by somewhat depends from the nature of the diseases. ...Some worst case examples, on it's past histories, of carried vaccination-'campaigns', having fx sometimes lead for certain other diseases to spread amongst the population groups whom were only later found to be more vulnerable to other spread 'pathogens', due of the said isolated groups might've been lacking any developed resistency against those. (So, not usually or often, apparently, the harm was caused via the vaccinations itself, but fx of  because from the careless manner those campaings were organized and their inadequate safety regulations - for, anything relating for the necessary recognition about that aspect wasn't always maintained. The most disfamous 'case examples' are traced for taken places in the 1970s.) 
; Also, the usefulness of any vaccination (or even quarantine) may often differ, very much, from the nature of the disease(s) in question. Such as seems noted, that (limited 'effectivity') may be, fx, due for the number of different 'strains' in the malarial diseases existent. (See from one another Nature-link, in concerning that, some place at this text...) Or, for other factors in from some other diseases. ; Of quite the same reason(s) I find it not too likely that any 'elimination' for any/some vector species - besides, as on malaria's case they're mosquitoes, multitudes of the separate species there is - would've have any very guaranteed successes.

; But,to make a 'long story short'; I 'estimate'(/assuming), that - at least in theory and (human) disease-histories, those (the vaccinations, 'quarantine') would seem for functioned, by formerly, as some practicalest manner in the former prevention, and eradication, cons some to the major diseases. By presently, the more new biomedical techniques ("molecular-genetic" inventions, etc...), in theory, could for the futures seen from emerge for as effective 'treatments'. ...But, against that there's then also number of potential 'setbacks' and possible disadvantages arising - not the least from a fact that - like noted - some disease-causing 'organisms' perhaps have capasicity to the very rapid, 'random' mutating. 
(Or about so from that.) ...My any other argument against any too hasty acceptance from much to so usual adverted benefits brought by these modern medical 'techs' are both from 'cultural', and, social. Or, better said, it goes back to the manner how much in the past 'lessons' from anything from it's to too uncritically inclusion in the 'modern medical-kit' having led for the 'overpresence' and over-valuing of any 'novel' invention over other 'cures', or medicineries. (...But not for goin' from 'over-wordysome' on this discuss too...Simpliest one would discover that all the present emerged modern medical 'technology', and the continuous 'enthusiasm' and 'high promises for', that them representing a very good field for any critique sort like some necessary 'reality-bites' to about all that - As behind those too optimistic scenarios often there also always 'lurk' in some corner there the dr Frankenstein and/or dr. Doom. Or at least always is the threat from their concealed 'arise'...) At least the vast number of the poor and neglected 'victims' in the histories to much from past medical 'advances' makes one assured 'bout that. 
; Yet if (the said modern 'medical kit') if not for to too hastily, and not from mostly ('mainly') of the commercial-profits in mind - such as the negative standard practice was, in much from the late 20th century medical history - once it for to still further developed, those should likely prove advantageous cons the mass epidemics and any cures for those too. (When kept in mind that said, that any disease-free futures "simply unrealistic".)

Wouldn't also from neglect the traditional knowledges and (herbal, "spiritual" - in lack from any better word for,) 'healery' to the some good alternatives. Many 'modern' medical inventions having had some precedents and 'originators' in a far more distant knowledges - some that also often, while not always, represented the more 'harmonizing' views cons the Natures, and the sort 'natural balance'. For examples, while commonly claimed of been invented by late 1700s (the Enlightenment-era), the vaccination-type preventions, actually, in some of their early forms (perhaps 'limitedly', but...) having had some existence and were been on the uses by the centuries before on the India and China. (At least, for the most renown regions...) ; An interesting p-o-w, no doubt, perhaps also that because of much that traditional knowledge only 'fragmentarily' more lately survives, the major histories - 'used to' - by their standard mention only that modern 'era' for vaccinations 'inventing' (by Jennings?, was that the name...). And more usual also is 'forgotten' then any mentions - or more precise research on aything to the mroe early "origin" for it. 
; In short, while I not think the modern medical (or, the 'natural-') science(s) solely of neglected from it's development these many more 'ancient' origins, cultural 'influences', certainly there been the amounts discrimination in their recognition, until rather lately to this century. (Also think about that vast "debt" the development of the older eurocentric sciences do owe for the cultural loan and 'rediscovered' knowledge from the arabic texts, medicalistic and philosophical, ...ao.)

...After all, by that recognition one finds reason to some connect for this w. some more modern findings too: (Not similar, comparable, or resembling, but...) What usually is said been for the lots of the interest by world (commercial) medical companies, in their constant targeting to enrich by profiting of 'fuelling' the market for a world medical service, for some time (it) having contained also the constant seek of any possible new 'cures' from being "invented" - More appropriate word, that is, often, for from discovered of the Nature's plentiest resources for their further developing as some medical 'novelties'. In form of the pills, salves, as the prescription medicinery then dellivers them, internally or externally used.
But the real, actual source to all that - it always been the wide variety of plants. (The world's foremost 'reserve' in the treatment, cure, or at least releaf from almost any known diseases. Since from the times immemorial - such as the constant accumulated archeological finds seem for now confirmed.)  

(And so, from an example, I've myself fx noticed the cup of the chamomille-tea a better cure for the temporary imsomnia than anything from the sleeping pills marketed. Not that even I'd tried any of the latter. But thinkin' one finds the first mentioned better choice w. less from having less any side-effects, some that tend be common on much what I describe, disparagingly, for that 'chemial apotheket'. ; However, even the Chamomille, purely from natural ingredients, isn't recommened to long continued uses - only maybe from some few weeks at a time. Or, w. even more cautioun if you're having any trouble from the heart.)

However, it then lastly has to be said, that at often in those seeks for new 'treatments' and 'ingredients', by the commercial medical companies, them also merely did appear for robbing the value found on those healing-plants of the people to whose traditional 'medical-kit' (/knowledges) such plants always had from belong. (Since from the centuries past, I mean by that.) In that sense, often, represents only yet another form of a continuence from the post-colonial exploitation. Pretty much, having or at least formerly common would've resembled, w. some similarity to the above in text (,in briefly) described biopiracy-issues. Another reason why I a lot reject much in the modern  'prescriptive' medicinery.) Most often mentioned are also the plentiest from lush tropical forests inhabiting tribes and peoples whom got harmed in such 'operations'. In short, what referred on this, lastly, all that lot what been stolen from peoples of the forest. 
(;...end of an addit.) 
------- 

; So, from to return for the issues about malaria.

...Collected then a few 'reminders' of the some others for mosquito-spread 'tropical' co-diseases. – As them also seemed be a source of some plentiest concerns, and somewhat 'seen' as forewarnings that Global Warming, could, potentially lead for the malaria's wider 'returning'. - Also on the places, 'ranges' longer been to malaria-free 'zones', but where it from historically once was existant. (That as explained, mainly meaning too the 'prosperous', temperate North. Or mainly, perhaps the certain areas of the Mediterranean and US. And from the latter, probably, the most direct concerns on it's 'coastal' ranges and the wetland 'deltas'. Or, some resemblant areas.) ; However, in the predicted futures from environmental conditions in during a 21^st century, some to the most vulnerable regions to Climate Change by usual, often, are mentioned to contain foremost, ao, places like the Bangladesh and India. (At least the first mentioned, esp. from the further increases from flooding, the low-coastal ranges lost to sea-water rise, etc. Which would have for the result negative effects on the food production, and harvests.) As both from the mentioned 'ranges' also already are among some to world's poorest regions, would seem not too unlike a guess if that then would also mean, to contain the more vulnerabilities from the possible recurrence of wider epidemics. Also from the health care and 'general health' systems, or a social modernization still often the lot less advanced levels from.

Then also remains there, in the wider 'South', the regions where malarious infectious never actually even disappeared, or from 'ended'. (Where the repeating epidemics have remained still for the more or less common a phenomena. Typically in the regions of tropical Africa, and parts from that S.Asia. Oftenmost also this 'co-existence' from it, more or less, commonly having joined w. the problems from enduring (/ie, the persistence of the) poverty and the inadequencies from the nutrition. (Which, esp having increased the continuing vulnerability of the underaged also for the malaria from concerning) Some areas the repeated, decades enlasted wars might've often appeared from 'triggering' the various affecting diseases emergence - On many regions that suffered those.

...From about to (some) of noted “forewarnings” from the more 'malarial futures' - for examples - seemed it then 'counted for', also, in the early century's time increase for cases from the 'Zika-disease'. (From it's occurences, in the more 'northern' regional area. Or, also in the more prosperous parts world.) ; Some of the Guardian's articles (/briefings) I viewed, fx covered/discussed there had been discovered more (recent) Zika-outbreaks in the Southern parts from US. ; And further on, from acc to that, it was fx said of the Zika, (that) it '...causes no symptoms in 80 percent healthy adults'. Yet, also that (in during 2016) Zika had ; '...swept through southern Florida, threatening pregnant women who could contract the disease and present no symptoms but have children with significant birth defects.

People who contract disease from mosquitoes while traveling can return home and transmit them to local mosquitoes, spreading them further.'

; ...However (from the specifics), the glance on a Wikip. then provides me w. somewhat contradictive views on that Zika, too. ; Esp. cons on what seems described of the possibility it does/can from transfer to the fetus – In a blood-circulation, at any case where a carrying mother having got infected. (Ie, said that the infection not in all cases developed for the disease.) But...apparently, there's proof that in several cases the connection was been established – And, it seemed noted that a resulted infection could harm the child more severely, or alternatively also result for a more “mild” health defects in the newborn.

On reads from that Zika, it seemed also then at that said the disease being spread by, ao, A.aegypti. (...amongst some others from 'tropical' mosquitos?) – The mentioned being an infamous spec. of the mosquito, since it's the same one also happened said for been (/to be) the main vector (carrier) on Yellow fever-disease. (From formerly a very serious disease, w. wider endangering epidemics. More on that Aedes aegypti, mosquito spec., from a little bit after...)

; ...Source for the little mystical epidemics and of the larger mortality 'till the latter parts 1800s - When a connection between the mosquitos and the repeating human epidemics was finally discovered. However, the mentioned (Yellow Fever-disease) also being to a practically vanquished disease, due because the vaccination against it has existed since about the 1920-40s. And it now mostly remaining existant, to only cause the more local epidemics. Since the disease mainly remains, say 'latent', in certain distant rainforest areas, where it by 'origin for', the source of it (the infecting 'parasite') can exist in the circulation amongst some human-like apes. (For which it then causes not the near any similar significant harming infections than at the human hosts. Which also appears to relate for comparably in cases from various resemblant mosquito-spread diseases, such as malaria, perhaps. - But therefore, practically, also the complete eradication from would seem appear quite impossible.) ; Well, of course, could read the 'whole story', from the Yellow fever in particulars on some elseplaces from.  - Cons it's infamous histories as a disease, and the 'impact' by in a number historical periods, the wars, etc....

...Then, for yet another comparable 'example': To the insect-spread 'tropical' diseases seems also belong fx a (so called) West Nile Virus. (Also spread by the mosquitos.) ...It remains somewhat less 'virulent' than fx malaria, but the cases are yearly said also appear on an European and US-regions. Fx, from the glance on Wikip.; There followed reminds' (from very 'encompacted' to this, as it also was from the prior example) on WNV; 'In about 80 percent of infections people have no fever or no symptoms. About 20 percent develop a fever, headache, vomiting or rash. ['Yet', the] ...risk of death among those whom the nervous system is affected is about 10 percent.' ; 'WNV has occurred in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America.' - However, unlike the malarial '-cycle' the West Nile Virus maintains itself mostly in between mosquitoes of the 'genus Culex' and 'certain species of birds'. (...on whom, or 'species of', it appears rather harmful – the 'cycle-of' infections not similarly focused, or 'emphasizes' on human hosts.) ; And, therefore, that said result not for the more widely emerging epidemics among the humans, as the virus doesn't 'amplify' well within us, mostly causing only from the 'incidental infections'.

...So, merely represented these instance, of to show for how multi-sided can be many aspects from these, from some of the renown serious 'tropical' diseases.

 --------------

Successfull combating of the insect-carried diseases wouldn't then also ever appear be any single 'one shot' deal, apparently. (...From the disease, or those species spreading it, sort from like 'shot down', one by one. Not with some genetic methods, and neither w. any resemblance to any 'mass-gunner'-type action-filled video-games, on which that sort 'task' might sometimes be offered for players to an executed 'task'...)

- I mean, it's necessarily for the more complicated: Like was said earlier, even any 'successfull' eradication of those certain some to former renown mass-infective past diseases tends have left the plentiest doubtful and difficult questions – some that still to remain from 'unsolved'. Was the successful complete eradication from a Smallpox even best possible achieved solution? ('Perhaps only time will tell') ; Or, is there any possibility, fx, (that) some mischievous person/group could engineer an infective serious flu', comparable to that infamous “Spanish” influenza? (Known from it's more 'proper' name as the 1918-flu pandemic.) ; The respiratory disease, having devastated the world also enstressed also by the Ist World war in an early 1900s. ...Despite the disease being estimated, fx, to had killed more people in civilian 'parts' than would've died in all the 'war fronts' same time, one wouldn't feel of too assured whether that 'whole scenario' had (as much) to do w. the war-circumstances, still. Yet, exceptionally, it's said also proved for appeared the more serious to the young healthy peoples – Unlike the more regular flus (, that more common tend turn out more endangering for the youngest, and the old.) ...To some typical questions on these aspects, of usual considered.

In additionally, or comparably, one could also speculate whether the malaria's complete eradication could even appear to similarly possible. (Reminded, making things more difficult was the reminder that it appears exist in the several separate 'strains' from. Such as from also of smallpox seems existed two 'variants', one to the less harmful and other for more serious one.) ; One might also consider, from whether there could be any possibilitoes for the disease just of to 'transfer' itself for to be carried in some other vectors (Than the Anopheles?-mosquitos, even), were one or some to the way it spreads got for extinct. (By human intentioned making.) Would that only lead for the change in the way of 'transmission', selective 'choice' to other routes that by which it most usually is found 'use' (...in it's transmission, for the 'vector'-species.) ...Would we actually think to know from that, from any too sure?

; ...Which was for some imaginable, less encouraging possibilities. - Purely just as that, only from the pros and cons, possibilities in relating the aspect.

Since, due from...Thenagain, it's also reasoned say that, actually, there not any 'continuum', not any evidentual arguments behalf that that eradication of a smallpox, fx, from the world would've made societies for the more vulnerable to it. – In short, that that would alter them to the more severely in a possibility from it's re-occurrence.

(But, the former described questions in relating these said aspect at least give me the idea that any diseases further complete (possible) eradications – to be seen, 21^st century ? - Would therefore, obviously, also having for to necessitate somewhat a long-term subsequent following periods on during which them were/had to be more particularly kept from some 'protective eye' on. Maybe to some half a century's time, maybe more, ...suppose'. In short, from the Nature by many diseases histories, from their constant, often less specific understood processes from emerging and disappearing. – Anything like, would seem demand for a rather long-term thinkin', also, resources to...)

-----------------

More on...or, on 'the details' ; ...Yet, to more specifically, from malaria's part there seems in the Wikip., as well mentioned that: '...acc. to the WHO and UNICEF, deaths attributable to malaria in 2015 were reduced by 60 percent from a 2000 estimate of 985,000, largely due to the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin based combination therapies.' (...to the 'general estimate', which was by then ca 450 000 victims, of whom the most under 15 years.)

; ...In some contrast, or comparison, for the adverse effects on health at some African countries – In resultant to it's former more effective (and earlier, about for until 1950s) eradication programs in the Europe, only 'About 900 people died from the diseases in Europe between 1993 and 2003.' ; Yet, lots to those characteristics and disease's persistency seem often said traceable, also, for a limited 'infrastructure' in many poorer countries, where malaria often has remained persistent. Basically the lack in the medical services, health care, doctors. Or, in from their availability. ; Related to preceded, one fx finds it noted on one (and perhaps number other...) articles on Nature [...I'll check for the link's address, more later. - On here - 'Though, probably the reason I'd left that earlier 'aside', was of that the reading demands paying the mag's subscription fees...] ; '...fewer than 50 percent of Africans having access to modern healthcare facilities.', plus (that) '...of the one billion people in the world that lack access to electricity, 634 million reside in sub-Saharan Africa'

; ...Well, no wonder if the solar-panels and other modern renewable techs said having got to their more eager reception in much from those regions, by nowadays. (...Such as we read remarked on that McKibben (Falter) at our previous post. Often, typically, many new technologies wider reception also benefits for being preceded by their real need. ; ...McKibben on that, also, seemed relate as the examples, from how it had for the first time also made possible, in some areas, the drinking waters from kept at a cool storage – Smtgh for the 'luxury', that not been available in prior the installations – The first time sources to the electricity, that from becoming for the available, or from affordable. Of what to anyone by long past already grown used for the refrigerators and other modern household equipment seems like quite surprisin' – But indeed, it for the quite telling an example.)

But more on w. this topic; Indeed, it feels like a correct stated that the re-occuring malaria-epidemics persistency, to the many equatorial countries for remained to more burdening prevention. Also then burden of an economic advance, and to some level of their social 'modernizations'.

----------

...Also is then the various local environmental factors, which have some places enslowed the eradication – Or also have had, in the pasts esp., some role in from keepin' the disease to the major source for mortality. 
 

[PIC] - above. ; ...Crepax,'s Valentina, on 'Valentina the Fearless', -72 drawn story. 
(As the other selections on this, from Complete Crepax, Vol IV) ; [...pays the worth remarking that, in 'similitude' from w. contemporaries, like fx Orwell, Crepax's held for the socialistic idees. - Such as it notable on fx book names (in italy) that sometimes appear in the drawn scenes (At this, bookshelf.). ; Thenagain, his held principal political views all but 'conformistic' from w. the then (official) communistic 'history'-view. ; 'Valentina the fearless' fx contains a drawing from assassinated body of the Trotski (Lev Bronstein, 1879-1940), and, a page-full drawing on Sovjet-revolution, most part on executed who'd gotten in disfavor during Stalin's time. (It says 'Between -35 and -38 almost all the old revolutionaries got tried and executed', in the text.) - In a section named as 'Valentina's Principles of Political Education'.]   

Historically, the human agricultural early 'emergence' appears of had meaningful correlation w. the earliest malarial-cycles. 
 

- And, also on some regional areas the manners from keepin' the domesticated animals appears for relate, to the aspect; The epidemic cycles. ; Or, does provide a few aspects for which have been discovered to had strongly affected on a diseases early spread. By the earliest times. For 'earliest' I mean, and only limit this remarking here, for the periods from 'prehistorics', and some during the 'early dawn' of civilizations. Fx, the ancient Egyptian and Chinese pre-christian “high”-civilizations there appears usual remarked to represent regions where malaria known to had been, of 'prevalent'. From their survived written records, and sometimes of a less directly from basis other archaeological materials, the wider presence of the malaria sometimes been quite assuredly proven. (...The more modern genetic methods, probably, has only offered on that the lot more certain proof.) ; Or at least it seem noted plausible enough been established acc the many modern studies.

And, maybe, it noteworth also say – though we might've mentioned before, few occasions – that a wider 'development' in the efforts against that malaria mostly declined fromafter the 1950s, about – Once it from no more appeared but w. more limited, temporary epidemics on the temperate(/'subtemperate') regions. After all, there seems be every reason to suppose that global warming can indeed enlargen again that range where the 'proper' temperatures to the diseases suitable vector-species for to emerge. Assuming it not, probably, during the very next decades so much a likehood. – But, apparently, within some half the century's time. ...When it could be, assumed, something like a 0.5 degrees warmer, fromafter some global temperaturic 'rise'. Sort like, in the 'best circumstances' from. In case the so far 'trend' won't continue, and the warm-up won't accelerate itself even faster 'pace'. Since, only so far, anything seen seems only exceeded the previous predictions. (So you can't exactly appear too sure on so much about that. Whether, or where, the 'present estimate' might err, possibly downscaling smtgh to still 'unknowns'.)

....Since, by the more recent, it seems fx been for recognized that Arctic having been warming into the more rapid rate than what was a global average. (Of just for observed our most recent devastating warmths by winter, you'd perhaps think that of quite adequote proven. But that 'evidence' might mislead, of course.) - Yet, apparently, for here's some to it's most latest, supposin', explanations given on. (Just for some side-mention.) Another p-o-w, that Antarctica as well, often forewarned from warming of exceptional rate. (As it said that it's 'log' having also '...recorded hottest years', by the recent.)

...But about these current 'scenarios', for the predictions that even Climate-scientists can't say for too precisely, for the 'commoner' all of it sometimes gives the impressions 'bout like we were hopping on a some long-distance bus without particular knowledge of where the driver shall make a pass. ; That much can be said, for seems it quite established in most climatic studies. No-one is quite sure 'bout what the final outcome, except that the accelerated warming is noted to the most seriously alarming a scenario. Unfortunately it's also noted from became ever more closer, since the bus just 'kept goin', till recent...

Yet another p-o-w, some that seems by the recent times gained some more attention, w. the warming becoming for noted concern, also in the “developed world” (,the 'global' North) 
; That from along w. WNV – it being a relatively 'minor' mosquito-carried disease – also cases by the mosquito-spread Dengue-fever and Chikungunya-viruses have been noted from some increase. (It from been observed them from had the wider outbreaks than earlier and also 'over a wider range' - Not just for S. and Southeasts Asia, Africa. ; On a WHO's 2019-malaria report seemed it listed that the epidemics by the most recent years, from the other mosquito-carried disease's (Zika, Dengue fever) mostly had occured on some tropical Islets - But the dengue also in continental France. (Plus, that also seemed mention the cases of Yellow Fever found on the Uganda, this year.) ; ...On Wikip. seemed it mentioned on French Réunion-island (Pacific/Indian sea) by earlier (2006) happened the more major epidemic of the Chikungunya, from w. 200,000 people infected (And, also 248 deaths).

; ...It might also seem somewhat alarming, even, that actually both from those more 'mild' mosquito-carried diseases (Dengue, along w. that Zika) are on some parts world spread also by the Aedes aegypti-mosquito. (Which, we seem find to the common name from for the YellowFever Mosquito) ; The vector in question, obviously, is somewhat meaningful aspect, as some species of mosquito by the more 'regular', principally target from other species of mammals. - And the humans only serve to 'em mostly only as occasional side-targets, in lack from others (Like some primates, fx.) But the Aedes aegypti seems from 'prey' principally on humans. That recognized...Now more widely 'tolerable' conditions, some to favor it's 'overwintering' fx – In other words warmer temperature and conditions – Almost seems like precursoring from the species to further spreading w. that warming. ; ...Before one gets from 'over-hystericiced', it seems then in place also noted of that species that it's singular specimens also aren't said from 'cover' any very wide ranges. - Soforth, from the local epidemics, also it said from, when happening tend usual remain limited to the more restricted ranges from. ; ...From the less encouragingly, it also appears noted to the more 'urbanized' kind to a mosquito-vector than some others. Ao, said to increase from the more 'standard' in the standing water, than do the several others from the 'co-species'. Such as fx the rainwater-filled metal containers, etc. That having permitting the species for always remained somewhat more 'stuck', and persistent within human civilizations. (In the suitable conditions can then cause epidemics on any regional areas and where the temperaturic conditions would happen favor it's survival. However, some reminder too that the species specifically appears tropical one.)

Often in the (recent) newsings seems also been noted, it's related species, for which it not to be confused, by the name Aedes Albopictus (Asian Tiger Mosquito). Since that can tolerate some cold far more better (, also acc. the Wikip.) can '...even tolerate snow and temperatures under freezing.', it is then fx as well listed for the 100 world's invasive species, 'according the Global invasive species database'. Whatever the 'stats' for that part...From the 1960s, at least, it said also noted for observed of occasioned discovered on the Europe's part too. Among other 'ranges', continents. Resemblingly it noted too some transmitter for the several tropical feverish diseases, including Zika and Chikungunya. Actually, seems said for traced as the transmitter for the '...first and only outbreak' of the latter mentioned on the European continent. ; Also, in difference to the Aedes aegypti, of .albopictus is noted that it not principally from favor biting humans, but the other mammalians and birds from.

Of course, you may also notice that what in the 'scenario' seems quite alarming is that many from these mentioned (,'tropical') diseases aren't carried by just one vector-species.

Also, from that you have the idea that a more serious emergence by any particular epidemics ain't traceable just to the particular mosquito-species in question – But also, fx, for the suitable temperatures; also the social structure, level of health care and the climatic 'specifics' might have the important part in any examplary epidemics (, or the 'process' from break up of any epidemic.) And to the most importantly, the particular environmental conditions too. (As some reason to the noted quite wide-spread mosquito-spec, the A.albopictus, it was also remarked that, apparently, from it to expanding it's had been aided by the aspect that in the newer areas there been the available 'ecological niche' - Some w. not competitive species to just it's preferred characteristics. ; In short, there is always various factors that usually can affect in case from epidemics, also concerning the mosquito-transmitted diseases.)

; Along w. the said aspect(s) one sees for remarked in (some) studies about that relative 'rapid' evolutionary changes found in some from the more 'urbanized' insect-species – So (, in theory - and only, in theory) any could 'evolve' for a source of new mass 'infestations'. ; Thenagain, fx of that famous London Tube (underground-)Mosquito, ie by it's current lat name Culex pipiensis f. molestus – Spec that was, also on a last post here for mentioned – From it also been observed that the species seems appeared much more common during the war-years. For reasons to, it was said that by the time there were more of the human domesticated food animals kept in the tunnels - But during the afterwar years is mosquito said for been 'deprived' of that source for it's blood-meals and then mostly 'declined' for parasiting the rats inhabiting those tunnels, along w. the occasional wild animals that happened passing to there. (As the particular species not principally bites human, but animals mainly, the possibility from it to mutate for emerge a vector for any disease spread seems then also relative small.) 
 

; In other words, the ecological conditions which happen 'prevail', again, are often noted to the most influential from the reasons in some mosquito populations decline, and/or increase. And, by occasional, then also result of outbreaks for their some carried diseases in level of epidemics. The more favorable are the particular 'ecological' circumstances for any particular species survival, the more likely that it will 'flourish'. ; Thenagain, often the insect populations also emerge and decline by 'cyclically'. Resultant even the smaller variation in the local weathers can, sometimes, typically 'offset' or 'preset' those epidemics from to emerge or not for emerge.

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[PIC] ; ...From Vampirella-mag 35/1974, on story 'Carnival of Death' (Gonzales-Loew)
 
...For some partial – but necessary - “linchpin” or sidemention to the above discussed, the following remark(s); One thing, to be mentioned, perhaps is that from those former listed 'tropical' insect-carried diseases, the Chigunkya seems remarked for one from the ('...more than dozen') agents sometimes researched as the 'potential biological weapons'.

; Then, on Harriet A. Washington's book Medical Apartheid. The Dark History from Medical Experimentation on American Blacks from Colonial Times to the Present (, publ 2006. Now also referred in the 'headliner' of this blog...), she writes fx on one disfamous cold war-era 'incident' (1952) where the '...Central Intelligence Agency entered into partnership to produce biological and chemial weapons...' (and, that) ; 'Fort Detrick's ...laboratory bred more than four million [...?] mosquitoes per day [...??,!] and released them in hordes around [,??] Florida, including near Carver Village. ... A similar 1955 experiment had also targeted a black area, but because it bordered a white development, people of both races were sickened: Such exposures had already tripled Florida's whooping cough cases within a year, resulting in dozen deaths after a whooping cough virus was released in Palmetto, on Florida's west coast. ...By 1960, Carver Village residents had been plagued by a rash of mysterious illnesses, including the symptoms of dengue and yellow fever and deaths.' (;p. 360-1, italics Washington's. : ...the source Washington refers at that, is the Senates final report from year 1976 on these 'incidents'. The 'firm proofs' for the 'experiment' seems debated ever since, as the records and documents, as usual, seem also said for to later had 'vanished' – but knowing the racistic and paranoid cultures of the 1950s - Anything like that certainly doesn't feel too unlikely, for had been the case. ; ...ao, fromafter reading 'bout numbers other medical- and sort 'social-terroring' experiments the book feats from. ; On a the chapter named 'Aberrant Wars. American bioterrorism targets blacks' about mosquito there's about that Carver Village 1950s, and relating details, on between the pages 360-5 and 381-2. - At the latter paging, there also fx referencing to '...The Biology of Doom, a book by Ed Regis, [that] described how whites as well as blacks were targeted by government-produced pathogens in other cities' [, that mentioning San Francisco, New York 'subway', ...], etc.)

; Overall, the mosquitos might've appeared, probably, discovered for rather ineffective biological weapon to army-industrie's finding: Mosquitos fx don't 'select' their victims, soforth in fx by an unfavorable wind, or at other comparable disturbing weather-conditions, you might imagine that swarms from infested 'biological agents' just as well could well turn for ending-up infesting the any 'near-camps' to where them originated (ie, were released at). Essentially, the similar sometimes said for the main reasons why the chemial and biological armaments, the poison gases and the early 'creations' to bacteriological 'weapons', were not used in the Second World War. ; Any such weapons always, more or less, appear random by effect and even more difficult to easily 'control'.

; Thenagain, in our times from highly sophisticated drones and other high-tech electrically maintained aerial weapons from constant developed, you are at least not very assured that your wars-investing government would feel of any less 'confident' to hiding the bacterial and biological weapons-arsenal on it's 'vaults'. (...But from that one wouldn't probably succeed to bring aforth any evidence, unless from launching an attack on some such base, to recover the evidence, testing labs an 'tubes', canisters, materials and other 'equipments'...Which indeed, would sound quite a risky 'business'. As the resulted could also turn up, in theory, to an accident scale from the 1980s Chernobyl. Or comparable for the Bhopal, in India same decade.) 
 
[PIC] ; from Sillage (album 'Engrenages', Morwen, Buchet 2002) ; ...Just recently discovered these to well-made comics-stories, most sequels published around the century's turn. (Almost in any of those stories the themes from people's mind-control and terror, the 'colonial' suppression - transferred in the scifistic 'universe', spaces, futures - and by gradually revealed unpleasant pasts and histories play the major role.) ; ...Seems it by the time was often compared for the Valerian-Leureline saga, and there's indeed much of a resemblance. For another apparent 'predessor' in the comics I thought...Smtgh. (But can't for now recall what? ...Maybe it was the Moebius's less 'over-the-top' scifistic stories.)   

Yet, truth sometimes turns out to been more horrible than any common imaginations tend make it. In during the Vietnam-war there was that reputedly infamous 'Agent Orange', a chemial burning liquids dropped in the impenetrable jungles (Causing horrific burns to the enemy fighters, and more often, for the civilians. [Addit; - To the more specific about that said Agent Orange, it was chemial poison, used from between 1961 to -71 in Vietnam. A 'herbicide and defoliant chemical', such as from that seems described. (The explanation in due that I seemed at first confused that for the uses of the napalm, which from the Vietnam is to the more well-known.) ; ...(Wikip.), fx mentions from the (US) epidemological study, that discovered the increase in 'impact of birth defects' in the exposed vietnam veterans' children. And obviously (acc. the Red Cross data) it says that for up to '1 million people are disabled or have health problems as a result of Agent Orange contamination.', from the populations subjected to that in during its war time uses in the Vietnam.  Including amongst, the yet unborn, children, adults. ; There was also fx 'Agent Blue', which a "milder" toxin, also herbicide. (That was used to destroy harvests from the rice-fields.) etc...More particularly on that Wikip-link.] ; And, indeed the use of chemial weapons at the war areas by elseplaces, several other case too must've taken place. And indeed, not just on Saddam's Iraq. Like for 'acknowledged' is. A good guess might be that there were numbers other cases, in the many 'rebellions' and wars in during fall of European late colonial period, the 1950s,-60s. (Used against the 'native' populaces.) ; ...Washington then, on her book, also mentions about the US's involvement (and aid) for S.African apartheidist government in 1970s, -80s. - At the biological warring and development from country's Chemical and Biological Weapons Programme. (Also belongs the notorious 'back-pages' in histories of a chemical warfare. ; Or, also can be read for a short reminder of the global 'concerns' in that books timing, that early 2000s, via fx: '...the current media obsession with bioterrorism focuses upon violence perpetrated by the politically marginalised upon developed nations. [...]

South Africa's systematic murder via biological agents are important to this book because so many of the scientists involved in crafting South Africa's racist bioterror were Americans. In fact, the science of apartheid could not have existed without the avid participation and guidance of a handful of American scientific renegades.', etc. (; of p. 370-1.)

; In short, not just Iraq, not just Afghanistan (But this mention only because mentioned, indeed, mostly goes nowadays from lot more often quieted. Perhaps too often nowadays might been 'cleaned off' from the historics in biological weapons; cons their global development, use, and their often 'little known' histories from the 'overalls'.)

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[PIC], below. ; ...from Hellboy-story, 'Beyond the Fences' (Mignola, Robertson) - on Hellboy and the BRPD, 1953 (2016)  

...On a medical 'industry', businesses, in related what said on 'treatment' and research from the more 'naturally occurring' diseases from – The reading of that Washington proves useful in a several other aspects too. Or offers views to some 'sectors' to more closer for this medical historic “continuum” presented. (From about the american medical sciences, of having had it's past histories and less meritable backgrounds in far pasts of the 1800ian race- and degeneration weighed beliefs from.) ...And also seems reaching at least until the times by books appearance, the y. 2006. ; ...Can't go on any specifics, as the numbers for the exemplary cases from some medical racism(s), the discriminations in a more 'civilian' medical care and profession would appear too many to shortly 'encontain'. - Yet, one could mention, fx, on the pages 352-3 describes the histories from how the early medical blood substitutes were being 'developed', around the time, in the official american medical practice. For, acc Washington the Polyheme - said it for needed by then fx due because it was as a '...blood substitute...devoutly wished [for] ...it would allow patients to avoid the risk of illnesses such as HIV, HCV, and other blood-borne pathogens. ...['for to'; 'in'] ...stores of bloodbanks, which run low with regularity in large cities, and will serve ambulances that cannot stock blood because of its forty-two-hour shelf life: Hemopure [another blood substitute(TM)] lasts for two years at room temperature.' - and, that w. some other comparable blood 'substitutes' by then studied (,as it is said) often were from experimented w. patients given approval - or even without their knowing. (Washington, as usual, fx provides the stats on how a larger proportion of patients receiving the 'substitute' were the american blacks.)

But of course, most elsemuch on that too...Since it (mostly) would go off the topic, we wouldn't continue more from these examples.

Yet reading that...One perhaps acquires some thought that the insects, not even mosquitoes, them not necessary appear of representing worst blood-suckers there ever having existed on this Earth. ; Humans often seem shown themselves, and sometimes do still be, even worse sort. In case from that idea not formerly having passed in one's mind. 
 

; Washington fx on a few occasions as well makes the remark 'bout related aspect: That from (that) largely a distrust in the american blacks toward the medical care, in during past decades, did emerge for the obvious consequences of the constant seen, numerous suspectable 'case examples' of the resemblant sort. ; ...It also, fx, has for described that renown Tuskegee-study on syphilis, that lasted from 1940s until the early 1970s. (The experiment was continued, for decades, despite of the fact that already in during those early decades from it, the more effective medical cures for the diseases were been discovered.)

So no wonder, (that distrust) then... 

; However, I didn't formerly happen pay the notion - But (on Wikip.), there's entry to article about Guatemala syphilis experiments, as well. (acc that, on btw y. 1946-8.) ; ...The former omission was from that them weren't mentioned on that Washington (2006) - or, at least I can't now from recall any reference from those. But the reason, apparently from that no sooner than by the year 2005 the documents about Guatemalan-experiments having from 'surfaced', "...while researching the Tuskegee syphilis study, ..." ; And, we also then find said on it that several lawsuits are still in the process for the victims to receive some compensations. (For acc to that, also; 'As of 2017, the families still have not been compensated even though there have been several lawsuits.')  

(; ...As such the 'discovery', while unexpected, not that much surprises. ; On my some reads (...on the past travel-books, stories, ao.), also having came of noticed how much in during that 1950ian ethically and morally, more or less, questionable 'novel' treatments and 'studies' were transformed for their 'justified' experimenting on some those S.American ('banana'-) states. Or, perhaps from that could be said, it often for represented iself in a connected w. the period's official totalizing 'cultures' - A level of the human rights violations that now horrify us, for been a part of the racistically and oppressively prevalent 1950s, also in much the medical 'profession'. ; ...No wonder that the methods, or the common failures of 'results', and also 'mistreatment', could've been so common in the same profession. ; ...But no more on that, for examples Susan Sontag's some books by the 1970-80s make 'visible' that issue (or made, prior it's later greater 'recognition'.)  - Those said bias in the general conceptions that'd prevailed in the profession - cons the health and about the illnesses.)     
... ; However, one other detail becomes necessary make said of relating for that Tuskegee- ('experiment'.) For, the recognition about it's shocking persistency, past the decades all the way for until that Nixonian 1970s, leads Washington to a followed the descriptions - W. the rather more metaphoric language, colourful words, than what from the more usual consisting, flourishes in tone from, at the book's exemplaristic informative telling(s). (Even w. an allegory of that to a distant prehistoric era, from which we only know of the 'fossilized' remnants remaining.); "More than thirty years after its unmasking, the study still horribly fascinates. It may be the study's essentially vacuous nature, because it embodies coolly designed crimes of omission by featureless government martinets who illustrate Hannah Arendt's 'banality of evil' to appalling perfection. Or perhaps it is medicine's betrayal by physicians of the Public Health Service, the very government entity charged with protecting our health. Then again, it may have been the carefully orchestrated complicity of so many powerful, privileged physicians utterly bent upon destroying the health of a group of poor, powerless, vulnerable black men. 
  Or the very longevity of the syphilis study may be what holds us in thrall. Discovering a murderously racist experiment that had been secretly coddled from the interbellum era to the Nixon administration is a bit like finding one of those gruesome prehistoric fish, long thought extinct, in the deep of your swimming pool. The syphilis study, like those Jurassic holdovers, has forced us to confront a living, breathing monster that we would rather have consigned to history." (;p. 184-5.) 

...Furthermore, fromafter that noting; One much can't avoid to offer for the (most) apparent comparison to that (history) the followed few passages. Some which registering considerable similarities of 'practices' w. the euthanasia-program began by nazis in Germany of 1930s and which was started from selecting to it's subjects patients from asylums (mental hospital patients, disabled and handicapped, etc.), - Before moving to it's more renown phases from extermination in the concentration camps, etc. - It for cited, due from surprising similarity in how the  'professionally' cool 'doctoring ethic' seems from prevailed and established that euthasia-program for as part of the 'normal hospital routine'. (Of what the following quote observing, briefly.); 
"...Even after the end of the gas-chamber phase of the operation, the killings [in German psychiatric hospitals] continued, albeit in different forms. Whereas earlier killings had been primarily by means of gas chambers, killings after the summer of 1941 were performed through a combination of injections, poisonings and starvation. Euthanasia took on less the character of a single Reich-wide 'operation' and more the character of normal hospital routine. Equally disturbing is the fact that doctors were apparently never ordered to murder psychiatric patients and handicapped children. They were empowered to do so, and fuldilled their task without protest, often on their own initiative. In the abortive euthanasia trial at Limburg in 1964, hans Hefelmann testified that 'no doctor was ever ordered to participate in the euthanasia program; they came of their own volition.' Himmler himself noted that the operations undertaken in psychiatric hospitals were administered solely by medical personnel." ; "The Destruction of 'Lives not worth Living' " (Proctor) - on Deviant Bodies (ed. Terry, Urla, p -95; p. 172, italics Proctor's.)

(...While the origins to all of that, some part, may be traceable to the early century eugenistic practices - It's achieved 'status' also as part of an official medicinal sciences. - 'Cause, also in the overall popularity it's reception in the americas - the foremost 'proponents', Davenport, Madison ("et al.") - for a time, that was held to the widely prevailed ('scientific') 'faiths' from. ; And from received also a wider 'public' acceptance, it said, than on most anywhere else, except from the Hitler's Germany. With the more forcefully influensive, lasting impact longafter those decades, such as was prior noted.) 
; ...While even that not achieves make, exactly, the very comprihensive explanations on causes, reasons of those human ethical failings, at some racticers of the profession. Of their complete 'fall' for proponents and advocates to most deliberate scientific racistic 'principes'. ...I mean, it's still actually also difficult believe them of possessed a quite similar 'blind fates' to than can be 'interpreted' of that comparison from the Germany, by 1930s. But, not much difference in their carried murderous operations, inveiled (,how most seem believed from that) under doctrine from a racial purity.  

(...And to still more on these same aspect(s) ; Washington on the chpt 'Caged subjects', p 245-270 in the book, also details the medical experiments on american black prisoners - Mainly from the 1950s, -60s, and fromafter that hidden under the  'engineered invisibility'. ; Along, fx on the p. 266 the noting: 'Most people don't realize that prison medical research, which all but died out in the 1970s, is enjoying a quiet renaissance.' )  

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“... The domestication of wild animals and the development of urban centres probably led to the emergence of new infectious diseases. Epidemiologist Nathan Wolfe and colleagues studied the twenty-five diseases which have created the greatest burden throughout history. Fifteen first occurred in temperate regions (hepatitis B, influenza A, measles, mumps, whooping cough, plague, rotavirus A, German measles, smallpox, syphilis, temperate diptheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, typhiod and typhus) and ten are tropical (AIDS, Chagas' disease, cholera, dengue haemorrhage fever, East and West African sleeping sickness, falciparum and vivax malarias, tropical yellow fever and visceral leishmaniasis).

There are some clear differences between these two sets of diseases. The majority of temperate diseases are transmitted by contact with an infected person or animal. Tropical diseases, over 80 per cent are transmitted by insects. The temperate diseases tend to be acute: the patient either dies or recovers within a few weeks. And if the patient survives they usually get immunity from that disease for life. Whereas most tropical diseases are chronic, lasting from months to decades, and provide no lasting immunity.

Seventy percent of the temperate diseases are so-called 'crowd epidemic diseases'. These are diseases that occur in one location as a brief epidemic and can only persist in regions with large human populations. This makes sense, because if a disease is acute, efficiently transmitted, and either kills its victim or conveys lifelong immunity, the epidemic soon exhausts the local pool of suspectible people. Without an animal or environmental host, the disease would die out. Hence the human populations must have been dense enough so these diseases could have persisted by infecting people in adjacent areas, and then returning to the original area many years later, when births had generated a newcrop of potential victims who had never previously been exposed to the disease and so had no immunity. The twenty-fold increase in the human population in the 5,000 years after the dawn of agriculture – adding almost 100 million people – likely explains these diseases' persistence.

Another geographical disparity provides evidence that farm animals were the source of the rising disease burden: out of these twenty-five major diseases only one, Chagas' disease, clearly originated in the Americas. ...” ; (Lewis and Maslin), The Human Planet, (2018; p. 135-6.)

; ...And, as yet another informative 'briefing' we found this followed one, for a useful discovery, these cited observations of the Friedrich Engels. ...It said originally for written by 1876. (Acc an endnote to that, though was been later then published as well to Engels' “Dialectics of Nature [, 'on Lawrence and Wishart, 1940'], from 1883.”):

“...What cared the Spanish planters in Cuba, who burned down the forests on the slopes of the mountains and obtained from the ashes sufficient fertilizer for one generation of very highly profitable coffee trees – what cared they that the heavy tropical rainfall afterwards washed away the now unprotected upper stratum of the soil, leaving behind only bare rock! In relation to nature, as to society, the present mode of production is predominantly concerned only about the first, the most tangible result; ...” (The above selection quoted from that above Lewis-Maslin 2018; p. 24-5.)

[PIC]; above; ...from Vampirella-story 'Runnin Red', at mag 33/1974.

; Those Engels's words, indeed, sound to the surprising modern, on cons what that has for said to it's main emphasizes. (Unusual modern for 1800ian 'rhetoric'.) Makes me think one might benefit of to read that from more particulars. – Perhaps even, in a level, might prove to comparably views-worth like the better parts 1800ian ecological writings (Ie; acc my some former familiarity on, it seems have the positively resemblance w. what Humboldt's writings also discussed. perhaps. Of course, the 'emphasized' in the social-ecologic perspective, in general, likely from bit differin' view-points, foremost, would suppose. ; ...Think I also recall for, on that Walls perhaps, it was mentioned also the Engels for amongst some influenced by the Humboldt's half century preceded ecological thought. Maybe.)

 ---------------

Yet ; ...Placed that first above citate on ends to this chapter w. a meaning. It probably most comprihensively covers the several issues that relevant to our discussed views, prospects. There's probably an amount uncertainty, or varying opinions, from the timing to the human agricultural practice's 'actual' beginning. That must've varied in between geographical places, also concerning the relevant cultivable food crops by any area, which importantly mattered. Obviously it becomes quite meaningful what was cultivated, any timing, on where. (; ...Formerly the 'western' science, categorically, seemed of emphasize – somewhat, too much - for a idea, that since nothing (of, say “those”) weren't cultivated elsewhere, they're arrival to some other region 'must've' automatically led for the more profound cultural change. The basic flaw in that idea is quite obvious, I think. ...Although, it perhaps not as such has emerged from too universally accepted. At least not anymore, suppose.) 
 

; And, likewise, such as described in the early 'epidemological' cycles much relates for an early timings of an (animal) domestication. Indeed, most historians nowadays seem agree that major diseases (,in their epidemic outbreaks, often for the returning and in wider proportions), from only emerged postward from the invention of a domestication from animals. Which seems of course quite self-evident from simply of the recognization that major number diseases might've originated in the, so called, 'old continents', where that animal domestication mainly became predominant. – And, 'co-times' forafter around by that agricultures 'birth', alongside w. the people's life-styles for settling down in some earliest population 'centers'. The increased population densities and more permanent inhabitation then for had permitted the diseases more rapid and more effective transmission, the epidemic 'cycles'.

By during these advanced, the 'late modern technologized' ages from ours, it seems to more often gotten concerned on about emergence by new respiratory diseases. (Such as SARS, MERS, often before forewarned from their possibilities to emerge for wider pandemias – Such as lot was discussed in during the early 2000s. Ie, the epidemic cycles from at in some resemblance to the preceding discussed in that them also are noted typically transmitted via the contact w. infected peoples or animals.) ; However, I don't think for know too sure of whether, in many cases, it even would appear correct describing certain diseases, like these, by century's turning as the 'new'. - As there is also former examples of 'modern diseases' whose origins often as well been capable to been traced for some earlier origin, begins.

(; ...For example, to some, perhaps, comparable example: One time read about that earliest instances from the AIDS, or the early infections recognized w. some characteristics from that disease have been found for reach to early years as the 1920s. Might also be that the issue remains somewhat disputed, I don't know. ; However, a main view-point that before it become known in any it's epidemic proportions, the diseases seemed said spent some time in it's more 'latent' form. While it of course by it's characteristics quite different disease to any from prior mentioned, sometimes often disease apparent can reside from existant. (When not yet for had mutated to, prior to it's emergence to some actual mass-infective forms from.) ; In some contrast, fx from the most (common) flu's it's said that in them, “by disease's nature”, the flu's 'genomics' are constantly mutating - and hence, typically, the infective cycles tend constant appear infecting number people in human populations, by during certain times of the year.

One could even then say that at cases of some minor infections, such as those common flus, often the 'minor' diseases, for remaining 'resident' in circulation...Could be said several ways turn out enstrenghtening for the person. – Once a body has passed the illness-period, and is recovering from the disease, immunologic systems 'gain' in health of had 'suppressed' down the flu. - W. the circumstance where a recovery to a full health takes place, of course. Even a common flu can emerge for serious threat on some that have suffered before of some more serious illness. Or, as the usual noted, for the very old peoples, and infants, even a 'minor' flu more easy becomes endangering for health.

; But the p-o-w that it also reasoned from say that to some level illnesses and 'sickness' always tend remained an inherent part of the human condition - Always have been.

...Making this then a somewhat 'sinister' view from the diseases – Or(?), at least little pessimistic, from thinkin all the other various more or less 'dark' clouds common depicted to what seem to concern that prospected 'climatic' futures from. But also somewhat realistic in thinkin' on histories on any (global) human health. And the persistence by several diseases alongside “the human condition” also the reasons that there is the (modern) health care, nowadays also an advanced medicinery, in overall the health care for the sick and ill. (Where-ever the country's populace can count on that the modern health care sector is kept/remains at the decent level and available w. services for those in need of.

; ...One another aspect, relating to preceded and not formerly mentioned, being that often the devastating periods of epidemics in the historical 'record' tend get connected to some particular diseases. Yet, often cases, or in cases by many renown epidemies, many victims might've had suffered some other disease priorly. And, in declined health only partially recovered state, having then died fromafter some subsequent diseases spread in the community. (Obviously the inadequote nutriency, perhaps lack of proper medical help might've also often affected.)

For examples, it's nowadays usual noted that of had lacked the immunity against many 'European' diseases, the several american indian civilizations suffered the devastating losses on to their health, because of infecting disease brought by European colonizers. Yet, it's far less often remarked that not all cases the 'process' wasn't near similar very rapid advanced mass mortality and break-up of the social cohesion, in a few weeks maybe, as the more often referred case-examples about what happened in the more populous dense civilization centers at the S.American part, 1500s. ; In the subsequent (centuries), and on the far less 'thickly' populated areas, the various epidemics might had followed the other, sometimes within even more longer time-gaps between, permitting some 'recovery'. In any typical epidemics not all people die, and at least some recover, gaining a better resistency. [x2] However, in cases where a one cycle from 'unhealth' might've been followed by some other disease then death rates also rise. In short, from some epidemies such as smallpox and fx measles might've appear of standard mentioned for a main cause to mass mortality: Yet their severity, and disastrous effect might've often been also resulted of the other precedent epidemics suffered. 

; Then to return to this contemplated question, or that about a 'connection' for the 'tropical' vector-transmitted diseases and climatic change. - That what might be (any) potentials of a global warming for to advance their spread ?

Has to be said that I came to not any definitive 'prospects' from this question. On the malaria's case, as on any above slightly referred (tropical, vector-carried) diseases, there seems from be an every reason to be concerned on the issue. (That a warming can, might increase any potentials from the epidemics more frequent occurring. Perhaps even of to their 're-emergence' into the more wider geographic ranges.) ...In that sense, makes that yet another reason why you'd feel rather embittered towards oil-rich polluters and on the former decades to that truth kept away from the 'public eye'. The truth about what the keepin' from disastrous level the fossilized economics in it's place, by every level, already now seems had gotten of 'projected' on those more uncertain futures to come. To everyone's harms.

Yet, also, such as noted, we find the malarial 'cycle', it's persistency to remain troubling the humanity, and from having the rather distant origins within humanity – Such as it said, the disease is shown developed very early in the human civilization's begins, which already known for the prehistorics. (Or, from to had 'evolved' even by the more early timing. Probably, the modern estimates tracing it's early forms are found emerged at timings even of early human ancestors, the human-like apes.) ; In that sense too, feels it not so surprising that/if the characteristics for the disease(s) might've still even turn out provide some new novel surprises from. Just due that long history 'within' humanity, it's distant 'co-existence'. ; In contrast, the numbers of those (“Northern”), temperate diseases, many seem often (from assumed) to have had their 'origins' to the far nearer historical periods from. Or, such as before noted, the origin of them from 'mutating' to their more present known forms might've appeared coincide the more recent changes in the farming practices, cultural traits, and the other life-conditions, animal domestication. ...Which would feel logical, considering what for the priorly was 'out-lined'.

; By overall, still, the prospects in that 'combat' against malaria don't seem for too bleak. 
 

The constant decline in the cases from worldwide, and also advances in modernization, ao things important, at least might predict that the disease - despite it's ages long histories w. humanity - could indeed be combated for the more limited ranges and 'presence'. Perhaps even from “vanquished”, such as was the case from that smallpox (...w. in a former text noted some reservations from, about, cons that.) ; While it maybe too early assuming anything like, at least fx the contanst lately seen developments in a modern genetics seem give some new potential assuming that there's new chances in a more effective advanced medicinery having developed against. (And w. even the prospect from a malaria's final eradication, which at least could be imagined. Unlike how one would've, probably, estimated to that, only fewsome decades before.) ; Thenagain, such as was also from before noted, it's long-term persistency in the many countries also goes directly back for the several related aspects (In addit from a lack of an effective, completely protective medicines, and the vaccination against) – Foremost to the aspects of the 'social health'; the underdeveloped health sectors in equatorial countries, the mass-poverty, ...ao. So the advances in a health care on many poorer regions, still seems to remain the most important relevant issues to that, for some time. 

(PIC), on the right: ...Warmest years, on a 'recent' historical 'record' - ie from ca during the last 150 years. Of postward the 1850- (, that means...'suppose it was said). ; Graphics, sometimes, succeed from to represent things in more concise than any words can do. (...'suppose it also was noting, that of globally most warm 10 years, 8 or 9 having had situated to a period of latest 10 years. ...Though I can't recall now from it for precise, was that the remarked figure.) ; The pic taken from Guardian's some articles - Albeit seen that for presented in a few occasions more - Indeed it's quite a...characteristic depiction of this age, timing.    

Obviously, there's reasons for concern in these increasing noted threats accompanying the planetary climatic change. ...Esp. in cons the several regions where the disease might remained endemic even before, and, of which also some other negative impacts by the warming also are often said concern. 
; The warming from continued at it's present levels, that does hold much the possibilities for to make non-existent much from those noted achieved results. Such as from cons several other aspects, the importance for the (global) emissions gotten on declines - It would likeliest also considerably improve any prospects about a 'global health'. In theory, at least the scenario from the increase in these 'epidemic cycles' to accompany the more compromised climatic conditions is not only realistic guess, it's an expectable scenario. Not necessary even in of some a few decades 'gap' after – But, in a half the century's time...who knows?. At least from recognizing that – so far – the rate by warming has exceeded all the former made estimates. Most predicted negative changes seem to had realized sooner than from before estimated.

(For ex; the water-issues, already a major 21^st century concern, already present many places. Such as, among others, this article makes few mentions about. ...The issue of course is to some time appeared constant noted in the early century's climate discussion. – And, also then reminded me of the former reads for Vandana Shiva's (2010...or was, actually 2002?) book on that, Water Wars – Offers a place for the noting, such as it here also to the MSW book recoms; from the no 30.) ; (...From more of the present timing, the water-issues and the antiecologic 'footprint' of the large water power-projects. - here also to an Mongabay-article. It describes the Brazilian Belo Monte dam, built on Amazonian Xingu-river, from completed in during Bolzanora's period. The findings seem rather unambiguous: Complete failure, ecologically and socially. That contains, most is summarizes for the following:  "... Experts today attribute Belo Monte's stunning inefficiency to a variety of factors, including poor design, poor siting on a seasonally variable river, plus dramatic increases in regional deforestation that are drawing down Xingu River water levels, and finally, global climate change, which is bringing more drought - factors that were recognized by dam opponents and business analysts alike in the planning stages." But it pays worth reading the rest of that article too...)

 --------------

Even on some paragraphs above presented brief 'interval' on mosquitos uses, in 'experimenting' w. them the uses as biological weapons (, via the references of that Washington above text) isn't quite so out-of-place here from it's mention. (Than one would perhaps think. At least I considered a justification from it's inclusion, a bit at first.) Mainly reminds to the characteristics from that 1950s cold war-era and it's strong racistical burdens, foremost. ; But you also read by these days from all kinds inventions and achievements the advanced genetics has made. It's not very far out for assumed that the new 'bacteriological' frontline might contain even more alarming creations in uses by the inhuman warfare. Of course, the threat by bioterrorism for occasional gains some recognition or from it's 'new' potentials is forewarned. While, of course, any evidence by use (or experimentating) w. such weaponry always soon does gains the widest negative publicity. But, whose to say from sure whether there would actually be potentials from such dangers to break away from their possible experimentings. In any 'war zones', where all sorts inhumanities tend happen.

; Like was noted before, even the more 'regular' medical industries aren't always (often) found for been to too well-meaning on what comes some their guarded secrets.

Washington fx that timing (2006) seems forewarning about that since in the 'developed' countries (and US, mainly) much of the sort questionable medical practices, and 'tests' are asked from to strictly watched, to guarantee the safety in drugs developed - The large drug companies were then found carrying trials of some their new developed products in the countries where no similar legislative strict controls existed. (Foremost, in that seemed referred, ao, on the sub-saharan African region.) ; Just for one example from where '...black Africans with no access to medical attention [were] offered treatments that are new or untried.', the book seemed contained fx the following further remarks on: “... During the height of 1996 meningococcal meningitis epidemic, for example, scientists offered Pfizer's experimental drug Trovan (floxacin) to terrified parents in Kano, Nigeria. Nigerians desperate for medical attention grasped at Trovan's straw. By the time the experiment ended, two hundred children had left severely disabled and eleven were dead. In 2001, at least 211 Nigerian parents sued New York-based Pfizer Inc., alleging that non-FDA-approved experiments had killed or injured their children; [...etc. ; p. 392.] “ 
(; ...In somewhat striking similarity w. some former 'back pages', to these recent writings referred, on a subsequent page it seemed also from mention that the medical records for those '...350 meningitis patients treated...1996...[had] disappeared from the hospital') ; ...Leading for the conclusion that: 'The dearth of health care in much Africa and the Third World makes its people vulnerable to experimental abuse.' (;p. 393)

Ie that was by the 1990s – To a fewsome decades formerly now.

...I slightly regret that I had not for the more comprihensive 'coverage' on the global illness histories from read for to this writings. (Or, didn't seek from the more general histories and books specifically on some case histories to any particular contagious diseases from.) ; So instead the much to it now was comprised of very randomly, sort of more scattered combinations now. 
 

But it never was my intention for to offer any too 'definitive' findings cons any these mentioned diseases, more so for gathering in one some characteristics cons their role in the human heath, before and now. Perhaps it even, for good, was reasoned from avoid of the repeat from some for more usual, generally acknowledged and established 'views'. (But for the same reason, this in no place developed very far beyond to 'pointing' our some aspects...on anything 'related with'.) ; However, my final remark, 'finding' also has to be that (that) the natures, the ecological conditions also will matter in any circumstances to come. In any futures to be seen, the preservation from the natural ecology and it's 'recovery' will matter. No matter what the amount high prospects and 'advances' you'd set for the modern mecinery. No matter what the 'conditions' you'd think for most meaningful on a health. The physical, mental...The social and 'communal'. ; That ecological 'complexity'. The biodiversity.  

-----
[x2] (Added 30.3.) ; ...In relating, w. that (the North American part and early periods from repeating epidemics from the European introduced diseases,) remembered that I had gathered some details, when reading about. - But it was the several years past now -' Supposedly, of the more newer sources one might find more on it, in addit. Or, at least there's number more specific histories from, as well. 
; However, on that, for a fewsome brief selections, fx; On McNeill's by now rather aged, and perhaps somewhat 'by-passed' book (Plagues and Peoples, publ. -79), there seemed read fx (...it from 'encompacted' here): "We happen to know that some large epidemic passed through the Massachusetts Bay-area on years 1616-17, but only due because the French had established a guard post for the Port Royal, part of present days Nova Scotia." 

; ...To the idea that sometimes typically in an earliest stage the first epidemic 'cycle' could've been passed on from only via the 'occasional' contacts, there seemed of course lots supporting evidences from. And also of likeliest, often in the transmission from via the colonizers alongside brought domesticated animals, which've carried the typical pathogens. Such as the hogs, for examples. (Also, as to the early 2000s it gotten for sometimes for from concerned about; To the diseases that humans and pigs are said share, ao, said belongs fx the influenza. 'Although from with cattles actually more 'unified' pathogens is said shared. Acc McNeill's listing mentioned 50, in contrast w. 'only' 42 that are shared w. hogs. From gheep/goats; 46, etc..) ; But on historical epidemias Page (2002; 106), seemed wrote:  "The record shows that huge population losses were suffered in the lower Mississippi Valley after the de Soto [expedition, 1539] and before the onset of french colonial efforts in the region more than a century later. These people lived in agricultural villages, as we have seen, often a central villages surrounded by small hamlets."
 ...In relating, on a role by horses, seized by the indian's from during the 'early' centuries, timings - On that it said there being lot less anything for some certainty. 

; ...By anycase, from then reading 'bout, also made these followed notings (...of course, it only to a few descripts in what quoted, for below) :
"...people in the Chickasaw area generally lived in small, widely spaced communities. This dispersed pattern of settlement - and a more atomized society than the tightly knit river-valley chiefdoms - put these upland folk at an advantage when epidemies struck by reducing the likehoods of intercommunity contact, and, hence the transmission of pathogens. ... There are additional signs that the spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox was likely to be interrupted in societies comprising of constellations of loosely allied villages ..Thus the clusters of villages that were only weakly tied together tended to remain relatively unscathed longer than the strong Mississippian chiefdoms." (Milner 2004; p. 194-5.)          
And ;  "In the middle Missouri Valley, athwart the North and Dakota border, the first Europeans did not appear until the 1730s, and a sustained European presence began only in the early 1800s. Yet, it appears that local populations of Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras began to suffer enormous losses beginning in about 1700, long before European trade goods showed up in their midst. Villages, even entire areas were abandoned." (; Page, 107)
---------  

“For a long time, climate sceptics have claimed that volcanoes produce more carbon dioxide than human activities. Indeed, volcanoes have historically been responsible for periods of global cooling, and of paranoia. ... In [1816] Geneva, group of friends decided to set down their most frightening stories. One outcome was Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus; another was Byron's poem 'Darkness', in which he wrote:

The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the stars

Did wander darkling in the eternal space,

Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth

Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air

[...]

...The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull [2010 eruption] ... was estimated to have emitted between 150,000 and 300,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide a day; by contrast the grounding of the European airfleet prevented the emission of some 2.8. million tonnes in just eight days, a figure greater than the total global emissions from all of the volcanoes in the world.”

;

“Acts of human violence have been recorded in the climate on numerous occasions. In the thirteenth century, the Mongol invasion of Eurasia caused such devastation to agriculture that forests significantly regrew, causing a measurable 0.1 per cent dip in atmospheric carbon levels. The 'little ice age' that reached it's climax in the Year Without a Summer of 1816 began in 1600, but it was the result of a century of a global turmoil, which began with the Colombian catastrophe of 1492. In the 150 years following the arrival of Europeans in America, 80 to 95 per cent of the indigenous population was wiped out, reaching 100 per cent in some regions, many by warfare, most by diseases introduced from the Old World. A population of 50 to 60 million was reduced to around 6 million. In the aftermath, 50 million hectares of previously cultivated land was left devoid of humans. Subsequently, more than 12 million Africans were enslaved and displaced to the Americas, with millions more dying en route. Once again, agriculture collapsed, this time on both sides of the Atlantic, and the regrowth of forests coupled with the reduction in wood burning resulted in an atmospheric decline in carbon dioxide of seven to ten parts per million between 1570 and 1620. It has never fallen in such a way since.”

;

“...Self-confirming groups, from Targeted Individuals to Morgellons sufferers [...acc Bridle, 'self-diagnosed medical condition', (that) 'multiple studies have concluded...a psychological rather than physical condition' (...see the book, or elsew., from more particularly.)] , and 9/11 truthers to Tea Partiers, seem to be the hallmark of the new dark age. [...]

...What happens when our desire to know more and more about the world collides with a system that will continue to match its answers to any possible question, without resolution?

If you're searching for support for your view online, you will find it. And moreover, you will be fed a constant stream of validation; more and more information, of a more and more extreme and polarising nature. This is how men's rights activists graduate to white nationalim, and how disaffected Muslin youths fall towards violent jihadism. This is algorithmic radicalisation, and it works in the service of the extremists themselves, who know that polarisation of society ultimately serves their aims.”

- (of) Bridle ; New Dark Age. Technology and the End of the Future (2018; p. 201-2, 202-3, 211-2.)

; In following the last selected quote, Bridle moves for discuss that so called 'grey zone', increasingly said for permeated in the languages and used by the 'both sides' from the described, referred 'extremisms'. ...But to this writing I'm more interested on what the two precedent selected quotes do contain. – Those that nowadays recognized convergences, or changes, in the past the human civilization history's earlier periods; In the carbon dioxide levels; and that what perhaps most researched, the agriculture's repeated seen 'intensification' and declines, through past periods. ; Obviously, the global disease history isn't from too far off to anything what comes for that 'scenario'. Actually acc any present “explanations” most part the history it seems for keenly adjoined much from largest noted population changes, 'cycles'. 
; In a modern world we're both fortunate, and perhaps, perplexed from the discovery that those same circumstances not quite, anymore control and 'limit' the exponential human 'growth-cycles' (Not just of the population, the growth that usual exceeded any former imaginations.) . In other words: One discovers, that whatever a role we'd estimate for the global population growth, during for this century, such as on preceded, diseases don't seem for any similar likehoods, of to comparable levels anymore appear to be the 'factor' than always been. Like they always used to, more or less, through past the most historical periods. (Number exceptions, remarks to this might be related, from 'favoring', and 'against' – Yet, from after the former contemplated, thoughts written down on this, I think that an overall view not necessary needs that much explaining.)

; ...For a yet another discrete note,; We find that on Orianne Smith's (2013?) study on (british) Romantic Woman Writers, despite it's focus on (,post French Revolution) female literary 'prophetesses', doesn't seem in it's discussing Mary Shelley show much for any references from that Byron's [George, 1788-1824] above cited poem. ....Which might be little surprising from the book on the apocalyptic, and 'milleniaristic' tensions, etc., and Byron's 'Darkness' is famous often read just from a quite similar 'world's end' emotional 'atmosphere', reflecting to that 1816-'Year without a Summer'. (And as the subtitle for Smith's book, 'Rebellious daughters, 1786-1826', seems cover that year.) ; But then, perhaps, not less 'apocalyptic', of course, are found, fx, numbers instances from the Shelley's (Mary) novels observed - And then we could from the historical "atmosphere's" part, as well, cite briefly on this from the followed sentence(s); 
"Although people throughout Europe interpreted the Fench Revolution and Napoleonic Wars as signs that the world was teetering on the brink of divinely ordained annihilation, the notion of the end of time - and the beginning of eternity - contradicted everything they knew from their sensory experience of the world. ... The powerful appeal of the end of human history was the invitation to imagine the beginning of a new millenium, the content of which was open to interpretation. Philosophers, scientists, poets, clergymen, and some of the most influential thinkers of the age felt compelled to clarify God's message at this critical moment in human history.
 British women as well as men rose to this challenge. ...[etc.]" (;p. 4) 

(Which also for reminder, that despite my all 'pro-environmentalism', pro-climate opinions, etc., sometimes one can't from to discover there being for to recognizably the slight similar 'millenarist' tones in some of the 'declarations'. But perhaps that too is just as convenient; Otherways one might forget that from the climate 'end' - or that for a '-change', wished one rather call it w. that term - truly seems to represent an End of the World '...As we know it.') 
; ...Also, my any familiarity on these aspects, seems  escape the recognition from what was the connection by mentioned Mrs Byron to the famous poet was (or whether there was a 'familial bond'). But all the same, to this incontained yet a few 'characteristics' on Napoleon, and on that early century condemnation from the 'Staèlian' political novel-writing (,to a "sinful", 'prophetic') pursuit:  
"...Napoleon, who believed and convinced others that the Great Comet of 1769, the year of his birth, was a portent of his destiny as a world leader, recognized Staèl as a rival prophet and took decisive action to stifle her visionary message.
 Yet Napoleon was not the only person offended... Delphine was also roundly condemned by many Britons alarmed by its revolutionary content. The Reverend Sydney Smith called it 'dismal trash' in the Edinburgh Review, noting that it was 'calculated to shed a mild lustre over adultery' ...Several British women writers were quick to join the ranks of those voicing their disapproval of Staèl and her novel. In 1806 a Mrs. Byron (Elizabeth Strutt) published an Anti-Delphine, and Maria Edgeworth published Leonora, a scathingly witty indictment of French coquetry masquerading as a romanticized female sensibility." (; p. 70.) ; ...The 'note' by Staél's quoted in following describing on her books reception (which, 'touched the nerve because of its unpleasant association w. Jacobin novels'), seems too not less 'characteristical' for her beliefs, of her to expressing; " 'I never divert my attention from... : the perfectibility of the human species. ... ; in enlightened and in benighted eras the gradual progress of the human mind has never been interrupted.' " ; (...'though, that seems said time to preceding those post 1800s anxieties and the referred novel's (Delphine) public condemnations.) ; No doubt, this sideliner is quite off the topic to these writes, but...  

-----------

...For one another thing/example, it was noted from our (plenty) former quotes for remarked that in some comparison to about 100 hundred years before, by this day not many 'people' (, not anymore) can claim to have any direct relation w. their natural surrounding(s). Or, that it not similarly even can be said from exist in their minds. (More so in the variety altered forms. In perhaps little conventional sense, not anymore inherited from the earliest. Not like something received, or gained from 'mothers milk', anymore.) ; Alongside, the amounts of a herbalistic and 'spiritual' knowledges may have disappeared in that 'meanwhile'. Within the modernization. In many places their now 'reviving' such ecological, medicinal knowledge – But as well most have become to more used for the modern medical practices. The 'process' may have had both good and bad consequences. For one thing, the modern medical help might many cases appeared important advancements – and still is most for needed, many regions where it still 'lackin' – Yet, the cultural development, modernization also seems have made the peoples more or less dependent on systems and 'institutionalized' science that treats the sicknesses and 'health' from a complete different view-points. (The 'healing' not often similarly seen in it's wholeness to a process, but something what, usually, is professionally treated. Where typically an infected patient(s) are only being 'cured'.) 
 

[PIC], on above: ...Crepax's drawn cover to the '...monthly magazine to the medical community, ranging 1971 to 1978' , (Crepax) from designing a '...cover for the first issue of scientific magazine Tempo Medico.' (; Also it said feat some origins, precedent to the Valentina-stories. For, 'Tempo Medico began to run a medical mystery in comics form, drawn by Crepax.') - On that Complete Crepax, Vol IV. ; ...Interestingly, the arrangement in the mag's cover must've followed the idea, or might 'adapted' smtgh of the Rembrandt's famous oil-painting, 'Doctor Tulip' (?). However, the 'still body' (corpse), and the center of the attention in pic, somehow that seemed for remind me of the Mantegna's painting on Christ. (...Perhaps of the secondary importance. Could be also that Rembrandt even had that for some sketch or model also. Rather famous renaissance painting, 'though I can't remember from the name...)

; ...However, asiding all the matters that'd further possible from to relate on that noting. (Since these contemplates having to be concluded for some point, finally. And, suppose', those wouldn't be very easy to anyhow very brief for 'combined'.) ; For some issues; I also thought about for that bacteriological 'balance', as there is/was sometimes a lot newsed from developed 'super-bacteria' in the specifically too 'clean environments'. ; Or, quite the same concerning on what some years past was said recognized to the various diseases developing the more resistency on a medicinery – Fromafter the common overuses from the antibiotics in their treatment. ; ...the Wikip. don't seem for feat entry from the word "Super-bacteria"...For the aspect, Antimicrobial resistance covers most of what (little) to this is noted, from the bacteria concerning.

More broadly, acc some traditional and religious systems of thought, the disease is merely seen as the sign(s) to an 'occurred' divergences of a natural harmony, and -balance. (As a concept the health, in case of the illnesses, 'suppose, is seen for smght that can be 'gained' and 'regained' similarly than in the modern 'western' medical science. But the mental and physical healing becomes seen in the more continuous process, which fx not excluding the ecological connectivity and even the spiritual ones.) Acc to some beliefs, 'systems.' – Usually this sort views, of course, tend get neglected in the modern medical science. 

; ...Fromafter/W. some look at the quoted few encompacted 'histories' (that Bridle, on above these conclusions), one could, for slight resemblant, view the expansioned and profit-seeking history from the European cultures for a sort of a disease w. some historical period of birth, in that 'far history'. And the present global ecologic and social 'ills' would seem turn out as the most apparent symptoms from the disease's 'presence'. (From the failure of pay attentive concern on it, in earlier time. Notice, I used not the word 'civilization' but '-culture'...As I think myself for much a fan and keen friend to the much of an old 'civilisee', European literatures.)

- But I mean, think I could say, from adopting this sort 'view-point', it seems just as reasoned to think so, than for explain some disease of having/have had particular physical causes and 'cure to'. (I mean, if you dared for think this manner. Most of us, in from this present 'age', livin' largely in the 'midst' from this present prevailing ('form of') culture. – We most often don't even pay so much attention to this kind of 'dependencies'. In the more casually, that sort view is largely negated away from our 'everyday experience'.) ; But probably the modern medical science too would gain of the sort more comprihensive view for health – That would also leave it w. the less 'hostiles' ('bacteria', 'viruses') and bring all kinds the helpers (All, or large part from the 'non-physical'. Or, to more conservatively imagined, the various systems to natural 'healery', the specific dietary 'choices', say.) ; ...I'm even confident enough to not so much advice for the necessary precaution, on this aspect, that (about) always was the various charlatans and false sort “magicians” in that 'business' – One tends learn recognize such things w. the more experience. Such as on anything, common sense not prohibited. Acc my any find many those things tend either work or not. Just like often the same from 'modern' medical science, it either fails or succeeds. But the 'general public' usually receives, to most part news from the 'successes'. (Well, the preceded 'pages' also provided a few examples on the less meritable parts, in that medicinal history, for it's errings, some to the 'flaws' in it's science, too.)

Think about it. 
(I mean, apparently, Jesus was a great healer.)

For surely, the genetics is – some time – of seen predicted for become to have a majorest importance. Is by standard noted for it's increasing influence on the development by the medical practice (, and therefore, would increasin' come to benefit the general healths too), during the 21^st century. It's possible imagine that to some those advances and possibilities could also, within this said time, come to change the peoples principal attitudes at the health and illnesses. From the more permanently even, perhaps. ; But there's also number of uncertainties in relating to that. Not going on the particulars on about, either. But one quite often imagined typical 'genetic futures', by presently, is some envisioned 'reality' where some to the more prospering enjoy the advanced genetically 'boosted' healths - While the less prospering can't afford those 'advances'. Not very convincin for the idea, to a little more particular estimate from. (Will the 'nature' automatically bend for to follow of those noted the modern 'genetic fixes'. Such as it 'wished' from? Will the social 'cohesion' even bear such advances', and...from how far? Will the 'majority' necessary yearn for the immortality' dreams as the some wealthy and the prospering?.) – But basically, in theory, that manner

economically and culturally concerned view for the (global) healths could prove of the less promising, cons what comes to these said epidemologic futures. ; The genetically 'enhanced' healths also would appear the dependent on a more strictly 'science-based' (and, say 'atheistic') values – and from still more distanced of the meaning by an 'original', natural health – And from the actual ecological dependency that automatically relates itself for that (concept) (Whatever is then meant w. these 'dependencies', exactly. Whatever we might assume for meant w. these said genetic 'enhancements', by anyhows exactly. After a decade, two, ...half a century.)

However, I think to all that from somewhat major importance is how people will reconsider their now changed relations for the (largely) changed natural surroundings. Will they interest themselves to reconsider? Will they start to retrace those inherent, now increasing lost connections to that already – somewhat – disappearing “original” natural ecology?

(In the last instance, it becomes to one's own choices from. – But the consequences in the present age tend evermore recognized from to have the more wider impacts, even global ones. At least the connection is quite apparent for that constant noted, repeatedly discussed climatic consequences.) 
(; The foremost aspect to it - The future ecological 'reality' is likely to go through the majorest change - Whether that then for the near, alternatively a bit more distant timings, from 'passable' or from the somewhat 'unpassable' changes. In a lot more faster pace than it been to anything like since the ending by last Ice Age. The long-term changes in the new epidemology, having to do w. that environmental 'condition' would appear more obscure, to estimating - but apparent they can emerge to represent the more potent, troubling  questions in the 21st century health, too.)

[PIC], above: ...From story 'The Bethroned of the Sun-God !', on Vampirella-mag 39/74.

----------------------

[PIC], beside; ...from Vampirella-mag, 33/1974 ('Runnin Red')

: ...In during the meanwhile, while waitin' for the last section at this. (Now here, added on 15.4.) ; Sort like, to some neat 'move over' from a preceded lenghtier section to the final one on this post - in following is some 'Interim', that feats a fewsome more reads-worth quotations. ;

“No sector is immune from the seisure and commercialisation of social wealth. To give one surprising example, among the most ruthless practitioners of monopoly capitalism are academic publishers. [Source reference, on Monbiot's column at Guardian; 29 Aug 2011.] Their content is provided by the academic commons researchers freely collaborating to produce new work, generally financed by public money, which is often then handed without payment to the publishers. The peer review process (the vetting of these papers by other researchers) and most of the editing are also provided without charge to the publishing companies. But the publishers then charge academic libraries vast fees for access, sometimes running to thousands of dollars per journal per year, and charge people who are unable to use these libraries $20, $30, even $50 to read one article. These practices have allowed the largest operators to sustain profit rates of some 40 per cent. Another term for enclosure of this kind is daylight robbery.” (Monbiot; p. 98)

;

“Comparative literature, at least in its anglophone golden age (c. 1950-80), in approaches ranging from Romantic philology to deconstruction, was an eminently high-European affair, with a focus on the close linguistic analysis of major literary traditions (and political powers) like America, England, France, and Germany. World literature,...appears to be a more suitable vantage point from which to observe the international spread of Italian Romanticism. ... Though they focus on a champion of Italian cultural prestige, Staèl, two studies of European Romanticism by Lilian Furst (1979) and John Isbell (1994) ignore the question of Italian Romanticism. ...

... We lack English translations of most of the major literary world of the Ottrocento, including many creative and expository masterpieces by Foscolo, Leopardi, and Manzoni as well as important work by their less famous contemporaries... ...Any reader who encounters the 'ermo colle' (lonely hill) in Leopardi's L'infinito ('The Infinite') can never interpret the 'sporting wood' of Wodsworth's 'Tintern Abbey' the same way agains; similarly, studying the dialectic between local and national history in Manzoni's I promessi sposi alters forever one's understanding of the revolutionary upheaval in Victor Hugo's Quatrevingt-treize (Ninety-three; 1874) or Scott's Ivanhoe (1819).”

; 

“...From ephemera to acknowledged masterpieces, Dante's presence asserted itself at various levels of European, and not just Italian, cultural life. The identification with Dante was so pervasive that by 1823 Stendhal could claim: 'Le poète romantique par excellence, c'est le Dante.' (Dante is the Romantic poet par excellence.)

This transition in fortuna di Dante fueled another , much more dramatic change in Europe whose full effects have not yet been revealed. Between roughly 1750 and 1825, European writers revised the way they wrote about, interpreted, and imagined their own lives. As distinguished from Romanticism and its autobiographies, the Enlightenment is more properly understood as the age of the memoir, which generally denotes writings on the self that are concerned with the external events surrounding an author's profession, reputation, or public image and not his interiority or quest for personal identity. On the other hand, the Romantic age is concidered the period of self-conscious inquiry into an interior drama that is then cloaked with literary form. Between the French and European revolutions of 1789 and 1848, there was an explosion in retrospektive narratives that, in the manner of Rousseau's Confessions (1782), thematized the development of interior identity. ... If so-called Romantic autobiography might be reduced to any single trait, it could be this sense of the sometimes daunting, often inscrutable strangeness that writers imagined they carried inside themselves. If that sense of inner strangeness now seem either well-rehearsed or self-indulgent, we need only recall how astonishing (and perverse) it would have appeared to the generations of authors – the Johnsons, Lessings, Montesquieus, Parinis, and so on – who never heard its voices. The retirence toward the burgeoning Romantic idiom of the self and its Dantesque inflection finds its most forceful expression in the writer whose name stands synonymous with his Enlightenment age: Voltaire.” ; (Joseph Luzzi) ; Romantic Europe and the Ghost of Italy (2008) ; p.19-20(Introduction) ; 102-3.

----------------------

[ 'The Last Section' ] 

“I am worried by the hypocrasy of certain political personalities who speak of facing up to the crisis, of the problem of hunger in the world, but who in the meantime manufacture weapons.”

(Pope Francis) - In a speech (,apparently) by this year. (Or so we've read the cited, when viewing some articles at the New York Post.)

;

“Occupying a substantial part of the pavement quite close to the pavement were fifty representatives of the thousands of people who had been maimed in the 1984 Union Carbide gas leak in Bhopal. They had been on the pavement for two weeks. Seven of them were on an indefinite hunger strike, their condition deteriorating steadily. They had walked to Delhi all the way from Bhopal, hundreds of kilometers in searing summer sun, to demand compensation: clean water and medical care for themselves and the generations of deformed babies who were born after the gas leak. The Trapped Rabbit had refused to meet the Bhopalis. The TV crews were not interested in them; their struggle was too old to make the news. Photographs of deformed babies, misshapen aborted foetuses in bottles of formaldehyde and the thousands who had been killed , maimed and blinded in the gas leak were strung up like macabre bunting on the railings. On a small TV monitor... grainy old footage played on a loop: a jaunty young Warren Anderson, the American CEO of the Union Carbide Corporation, arriving at Delhi airport days after the disaster. 'I've just arrived,' he tells the jostling journalists. 'I don't know the details yet. So hey! Whaddya want me to say?' Then he looks straight into the TV cameras and waves, 'Hi Mom!'

...

An old banner, faded from decades of use, said, Warren Anderson is a war criminal. A newer one said, Warren Anderson has killed more people than Osama bin Laden.

Next to the Bhopalis was the Delhi Kabaadi-Wallahs' (Wastecyclers') Association and the Sewage Workers' union, protesting against the privatization and corporatization of the city's garbage and the city's sewage. The corporation that bid for and won the contract was the same that had been given the farmers' land for its power plant. ...”

(Arundhati Roy) ; ...of The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (novel, 2016...?; p. 110-1.- Italics Roy's)

;

“... assertation that Napoleon was Apollyon was not original – several other commentators made similar claims – but her attempt to prove her theory by manipulating the Corsican dialect was uncommonly resourceful. ... One of the more popular millenarian exercises of the period was the 666 problem: using numerology to work out the possible candidates for the beast mentioned in Revelation 13:18: ...Most millenarian thinkers tended to agree that the numbers added up to Louis XIV, but Piozzi believed otherwise. In Minced Meat for Pyes – a blank book that she filled with quotations, verses, and snippets of ideas – Piozzi writes out three solutions to the 666 conundrum: two are in Greek characters, spelling out 'Mahomet' and 'Napoleon,' and the third, Piozzi writes, 'is copied from a Spanish Adaptation of the Mystic Number to the Name of Buonaparte.' “ , “...she emulated in her own self-representation as an improvvisatrice cum political prophet. Here another contemporary of Piozzi's becomes a negative example against which Piozzi can position her own catastrophic milleniarism. Pointin an accusing finger at Barbauld and ending British Synonymy on this apocalyptic note enables Piozzi, like Burke and More, to suggest that in addition to the threat of French invasion, there is another, even more insidious enemy lurking within the nation itself: Jacobin sympathizers and Dissenters like Barbauld, intent on infecting the masses with revolutionary cant. ...

[...]

As Piozzi reminds her readers, imminent Apocalypse is a foregone conclusion – apparent to anyone who has been paying attention: 'That 'not one prodigy foretold our fate,' can hardly...be complained of with justice. The aurora borealis, not seen in England till the beginning of this century, was considered portentous by the vulgar, and wondered at a little even by the wise.' Just as she did earlier in Thraliana, Piozzi catalogues the weather, typhoons and earthquakes, that brought ruin and destruction in the preceding century. Conceding the difficulty of discerning God's awful judgement on humankind, Piozzi concludes grimly... 'last act of the grand drama...does indeed seem begun, perhaps advanced.'

Although the sales of Retrospection were initially brisk, almost immediately critical reviewers poured in, and within a few months, sales had come to an almost complete standstill. ...

 (Pic) beside: from the 'Treasury of Mini-Comics', by 2015. Ed. by Dovers) (; ...This 'little gem' also begins our subseq Big Women-Series. Or maybe that already had the beginning, on precedingly...)

... In her illuminating study of women writing history in the long eighteenth century, Devoney Looser suggests that the primary reason for the popular and critical failure of Retrospection was Piozzi's decision to blend genres, blurring disctinction between history and fiction. ...”

(; Smith 2012; p. 89, 94-5-6. - Italics Smith's.)

...On the Second Coming from an apo-climactic Nationalism, the female Prophesieys [...and not much, anything at all, from an aforecitid -calypsoan millenearism, of the (above) N'apollione'...] ; In other words: no words on that Piozzian 18^th centurian 'prophetism', although we might well offer the noting that from an interesting figure she seems from been. Even despite if the influences “by hers” not so 'visible' by today; (She) could've probably, been seen/described of had 'cast' smthg for the 'foodstuffs' and sources for many later similar later escalotogies – Maybe some from it even recognizable had persisted until this long far after, 'til our present lot more profane ages and periods of?

(Pic), beside below. - Yet another one of this flower; Of my Abutilon (x hybridum), by common names Chinese Lantern (and, we also find that with name to Maple Parlour?) ; Possibly already formerly several pics of those - The pow to mention that I now have actually couple plants from these. (Both by my own sowing. They're not just of relative easy to grow, also can flower even during winter periods, or at least from early of Feb. Which I must've also had for said already, before this...

...Instead, even with the risk that we're to slip for sound...'catastophizing', here's then a fewsome more picks in addit – further on about that present human 'potential' for the Existential Risk. Along that, obviously, usually comes the risk of an end for the planet too. Well, not unavoidably, not 'on every case'. But, apparently that too 'rapidly' follows in many scenarios that 'treat' that topic. – At least it feats in a well number of the currently, constant appearing (hypothetical) scenarios on. If that's so realistic for arised on to these premonitions from, as yet, I care not estimate. Seems it at least from become rather more plausible, still more while this early century was advancin'.

'The World's ends' ; Somewhat...gloomily this article forewarns, ao, w. other 'notions' that 'There are concrete steps governments can take to address this, but they are currently being neglected.' ; What those “concrete steps” would be seems, apparently, is then outlined under a further web-link from that (, leading for explained Global Catastrophic Risk Policies - 'Global catastrophic risks, by definition, need global solutions'

; ...Without meaning to neglect that said part what could be done – is constantly being done acc any major part information one receives from the world, 'daily'. (And every one is free to check about those. ) So to this 'story', in the preceded sections what to most was concerned on was the diseases – (That) in mind, we might notice that a global pandemic, indeed, seems for counted also amongst those listed for the most serious risks to humanity's survival. In the recognized existential risks from. At that linked article, about 'risks we face today', they're said to include: 
 

“Tipping points in the environmental system due to climate change or mass biodiversity loss.

Malicious, or accidentally harmful, use of artificial intelligence.

Malicious use of, or unintended consequences from, advanced biotechnologies.

A natural or engineered global pandemic.

Intentional, miscalculated, or accidental use of nuclear weapons.”

It seems also pay some (much) attention on a sort view that the 'Risk management as a practice is not a government's strength.'
 

; ...Thenagain, since I'm not so much either 'devotee' for the “Piozzian” apocalyptisms (nor for any others...neither not fond on modern speculates on the survival chances from humanity's cons this predicted, now bad-reputed Global Warming Hell) – Let us only here to further guide our readers attention also to this bit older article, on a same site. It begins for quite as informatively ('As recently as 6,000 years ago the Sahara was green and fertile.') - And some noteworth 'discovery' that follows, acc to that: It being that w. a potential 'variations' for any outlined climatic scenarios, the already seen (continuing) global warming well within a century could realize, put effect the several 'abrupt changes'. - That meaning, (perhaps) catastrophic changes seen, even if only 'limitedly', but even in the conditions where the climatic targets' are been achieved, warming until the end of century successively, kept under that 'critical threshold', the most famous 2.0 C limit. ; But read that too – Here just for the reminders - I only think, we'd better slip not at any too 'apocalyptic' premonitions here. So we then additionally cite here from it the followed sentences: 'There's a 30 percent chance that at least one of these tipping points will be crossed over the next 200 years.' 

; ...The article then, fx, seems also mention to some of those (very) possible major changes – to some major 'ends' from more correctly stated, would say – that '...the Arctic becoming ice-free even in winter, the Amazon rainforest dying off and the total disappearance of snow and ice cover on the Tibetan Plateau.' (Italics added.) Indeed, those some count amongst the most usual noted, of a total estimable 37 potential 'abrupt changes detected'. (Along from the coral 'bleaching', and acidification from the Ocean waters. Most others are not listed or named on that.)

Much of these issues are constantly raised for peoples attentions, anyway. Much of the peoples probably pass-by this said remark after noting the 200 y. scale given. (Myself mostly did.) Perhaps it still not less in place remind oneself of the 'citated' Pope Francis's saying, that on the begins this section – Some hypocracies indeed tend live at their often unquestioned 'continuence', on parts to our present-day surreality. (You might then not really wonder, also, whether that wouldn't be the case from much these fossilous 'normatives' in the present social 'organization' - As well from much that comes anything to it/this for  some age of an 'everyday'-extinctions...) ; Smtgh still not enough gained in 'understanding' to permit it's recognization.

Yet, not all 'worse case' scenarios are usually believed from their realizing, not at least 'exactly' as such, of course. 
 

; Fx, noted while writing these notes that there from since early decades this century, about, been the constant forewarnings and concerns on that biotech and it's potential for make real a number more 'questionable blessings'. (...Meaning the eco-disasters and catastrophes, diseases and bio-weapons – and whatever the likehood, also the further 'compromisations' of a natural biodiversity - and then is also the whole lots from what that could mean, in the 'long-term', cons all the global microbial 'surroundings' from. In short, the risk by  "bio"-contamination of the natures, some manner or other.) Yet, it also makes reasoned say that there's numbers advantages that rapid development gene-techs 'and alike' seems been capable to bring along. ; For examples; Amongst some 'lately issues' seems emerged the possibilities from – designing life. Rather 'unmodest' terming for, but that's how biologists seem to relative common these days for describing that... Perhaps it for the more precise said, when practically same is meant, being equipped w. terming that for creation from designer lifeforms. (In the Guardian-article 'Worlds first living organism with fully redesigned DNA created') While the "designing Life" still to it's (rather) early steps – Or from not quite so early anymore, the newsing seems also advert itself to had appeared (only) by a year past now – there no reason assume that the development wouldn't continue, as fast. By anycase, whether we cared about it or not, seems that well some time estimated from the 21^st century advancin', only to bring along more of that same. ; From somewhat 'alarming' sounds then at least, fx, in that article noted idea from where such 'designer lifeforms could come handy', (since,) it also said that because their... '...DNA is different, invading viruses will struggle to spread inside them, making them in effect virus-resistant.' (But, of course, these for my 'first hand' mindings only - I leave anyone to think the aspect by oneselves.) 

; Whatever the imaginable outcomes of that, in some time, by every reason seems it still only impartial for us note that the 'advances', developments in the molecular biologics, should also bring along the better parts for new achievements. – Even if their 'ultimate' global consequence ain't still anything of to too clear, as yet. Could turn both as for the good - Such as, what to most often noted; the invented novel drugs, the modern genetic 'treatments' in medicine (...ao, etc.) ...But as well as to the bad. - Still further concentration of such 'biopower' in hands by the few, in the further guarded 'patenting' from some those newly invented techs, further continued biopiracy and stealth from the global natural 'resource' by those multinational biotech- and medicinal firms. (On the Wikip. that 'biopiracy' seems only 'feat' as a sub-section on Bioprospecting - but it then also contains some renown  case-examples, like the Neem, Hoodia, ao...)  ; The modern biology's for 'permitting' the “physical”-improvements to even more gaining place and start of increasing to 'control' the peoples daily-life. The yet more exaggerated self-interest and selfishness.  ...To name a few aspects, what that would for the first bring on mind. 
 

Finally, cons anything prior said, it wouldn't do unless we also further remarking that there's only more relevance to stress the issue from how much of the ('global') 'inhospitable' environments and conditions might gotten for their earliest from created. Or, from that about how them might've come to 'emerge' by originally.

Tipping points. The mass biodiversity loss. ...Today, it is a risk from some catastrophic magnitude. 
 

...But from the said expected blessings and the more often 'disguised' anti-blessings in that “new” biotechnologic 'frontier ; I also read that since from the 1980s, at least, the nano-physicists and biologians have had the expectation/capacity to predict these 'advances' for to sooner or later now seeing their realizations. Obviously, it neither not for some accident from been encontained at that list of the present extinction risky 'busybodies'. One other risky 'bisquit' too – Even if we wouldn't feel ourselves of too worrisome and alarmed from, or nervoused a bit, of the seen constant projections for some global disease possible to 'enconquer' the microbial 'balance', in the (already) enshaken original ecological harmony. (Such as it by presently is commonly said having become.)

We could of course say still some more on it. But let's leave the more recent findings for some other place, when smtgh like should turn out...from more 'fruitfull' for remark.

(Pic) ; ...Of the sowings for Garden(s), here is then that one specim. those Melilotus officinalis(es) - on eng the Yellow Sweet Clover. Acc my count I now have some 8 seedlinga of those. (As you can see, it quite 'gregarious' grown in not much more than a Month's time...Clovers often do - As well, they say it can reach about 80 cm in height.) ; ...Already prior mentioned it, but, the pow that this pic has it's outer 'container' featured too. Obviously, I've not such small containers in use for the most little sowings, plants from. (That not practical, 'cause the new growths here grow more fast only when it gets from sunshiny enough.) But in perennials, even on indoors uses, those seem enfasten the growth by roots. So this Clover already quite decent roots existant. If I'm able to plant that out, about, mid-/late June the pot can serve for uses on some other perennials too. ; Of course, Clovers not necessary needed this sort 'extra' - But let's see whether my native growths can even flower to this Summer. Not even sure if them appear of perennials (or maybe 'biennial') - Anycase, the plant the old cultural one, not too common anymore and it needs the plentier sunshine, warmth. So I'll be planting them on an open, warmer 'spot'.

-------------

“Wie der See und die Berge und die Bäche meiner heimat hiessen, wusste ich noch night. [...]

In Kinderzeiten fûrchtete ich den Föhn und hasste ihn sogar. Mit dem Erwachen der Knabenwildheit aber bekam ich ihn lieb, den Empörer, sen Egwigjungen, den frechen Streiter and Bringer des Frûhlings. Es war so herrlich, wie er voll Leben, ...

Es gibt nicht Seltsameres und Köstlicheres als das Sûsse Föhnfieber, das in der Föhnzeit die Menschen der Bergländer and mentlich die Fraun ûberfällt, den Schlaf raubt und alle Sinne streichelnd reizt. Das ist der Sûden, der sich dem spröden, ärmeren Norden immer wieder stûrmisch and lodernd an die Brust wirft und den verschneiten Alpendörfen verkûndigt, dass jetzt an den nahen, purpurnen Seeb Welschlands schon wieder Primeln, Narzissen und Mandelzweige blûhen.”

: from Peter Camenzind (1904), a novel by Herman Hesse.

'Embrace', 'celebrate',...? ; ...Therefore, then, that we still are here.

(Pic), beside: ...of that (Manara's) comics-album, X-Women. 
(The spoken lines somewhat 'totally' changed to this.)
 

And the 'rest from this' is, then, devoted on all else aspects... (We 'painlessly' change the subject for the literatures and cultural history. Or a bit of a 'mystique' too, anyone's free for choose from your own mindings about what here for the lastly chapters. What shall be the 'offering' in what following...)

; Always comes also like some 'surprises' to finding out, or from remembering, that w. other languages than English there has been created some from world greatest literatures. ...The aspect which (also see that Luzzi, above), indeed, must be also quite neglected during our thoroughly anglopanized and sometimes for frustrating english-speaking age. – Though', that true not of every place. On many locales some to the traditional and culturally 'remnant' locale alternatives might still prevail. In the languages, for common spoken, even more firmly of kept alive into their literazione form and use in the 'sophisticated domestic circle', maybe.

Has to be then also admitted that the above cited novel, the first novel wrote by it's author...It wouldn't exactly represent itself to any sorts of a great world literature. Or 'master-piece'. And more often from such is, besides, the more correct finding that them (from usually), aren't. (While often, like I've also said before, tend appear to more careful written compared to the 'follow-ups'.) 
 ------------  

In the same instance, having also from mention: Hesse (Hermann, Deutsch-Swiss author 1877-1962) was amongst my some great reads and sources of an the individualistic 'awakenings' in during youthful years. (Now long past.) I never not precisely read many his books – there probably even weren't that many – Yet, all I can remember by this far seem succeeded had left rather lasting impressions. (Those were, Der Steppenwolf, Siddharta, The Glass Bead Game...ao)

(Beside Pic) ; ...from that 'The Bethroned of the Sun-God !' (on Vampi, 39/74.)

; A glance on Wikip:n bio from said writer seems to tell me that during his later years (Hesse) '...reflected his lifelong failure to acquite the talent for idleness and speculated that his average daily correspondence exceeded 150 pages.' ...Which, quite somewhat, then compares for another author from his contemporaries in my memory. – Although, again the similarities are more for the invented, imagined than from very apparent to recognize. (Meaning the horror-writer H.P.Lovecraft. Namely, Lovecraft also did spend a large part his 'spare-moments' for scribbling letters.) ; But nowadays, for the most, the tweets and chats must serve, most part, as the nearest 'alternative' to any manner similar communicative exchanges of written words. Which being a little melancholy finding; Some discovery about how 'far come' we are from the Hesse's days. (Not much over/less than 100 y. past now.) And of how different our main 'corresponsive' in the exchange of views, words. It's like finding the old dust-covered statue, or – of course - bunch from those (old) envelopes, when tidying up the attic. (They also say that much of that present 'corresponsive' not any more is preserved, or that less from it survives, by presently. Except in form from 'archived resource'. In the entries, digits in any Google's maintained searchable databank from the recent digital “past”.)

Anyway, from awaiting my wintery ski-season to start – Now it's of course already well-past, this 'chapter' from taken so much in time - I was found cursing those same Alpen-winds. (Perhaps like some of the inhabitants of the mountains in that Hesse's book. For, acc the meteorologic informing the same Foehn-wind seemed 'merited' of had pushed these exceptionally mild warm conditions of the last winter on here. – And resultant I've, like the others, in lacking from the snows. Almost completely – throughpast the most of the winter-season. But more about some later timing... ; Of course, an advanced melting from the polar ice, possibly, the more authentic reason on the cursable winter-period warmings. Such as from that on a fewsome above links was noted.

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Somewhat a fan for, or say better, the recent-time gotten on friendly relations w. the Winds. - So let us devote also some words more on, at this. ...From where I got to these contemplates was the intressant 'treatment' of the winds on one other book: Hunt's Where the Wild Winds are. (From Subtitled; Walking Europe's winds from the Pennines to the Province.)

; Despite it (from reading that), my own experiences of the wind(s) tend consist only of a 'bunch from' lot more commonplace incidents and 'encounters' with. Namely, at the Fennoscandian region the Winds are, for the most ranges, more rare a phenomena. Therefore, only for the more occasional felt an occurence. (...Some part to my 'limited' familiarity, may be from the reason that any greater heights also are in lackin'. From excepting the Atlantic coast, which also is on the Norwegian parts from a border. So I've actually also rather little experiences on the sea-winds as well.) – So, fx, not knowing most for their (any) names. 

(Photo), beside : A helthy alternative for the 'soda-pops' - Kombucha. A novel delicacy in combining the green tea and some other ingredient. (My own favorite appears this variety', spiced w. the blackberries and Juniper-aroma.) The better tomorrows from 'advancing' w. the small sips...as well.
 

Of course we have here that North Wind... But neither for familiar to most any for their 'pet-names'. Anyhow, it quite rarely blows very powerfully on these ranges of mine. Except, of course, during the occasionally arrived stormy seasons. Mostly closer for the Autumn, often also after there been any longer heat-spell by the late from Summer. Also can/used to be felt in during some storms on the enchantin periods of usual winter weather – ie, the winter snow-storms. And then is the more unfrequent, 'randomly' cases during the Summer Months.

It must been some...ten years, the least, since I for the latest felt some actual winter storm here, by-the-way. ; A few decades ago you used from to 'curse' the sleets and some 'icy' snows. By this season I was merely sending the thanksgiving prayers to the skies, whenever even such conditions emerged for to have some try on my skiis... ; In short, it – this winter - felt almost like from been robbed of one's very 'birthrights'. Or, like from the Teutates (...'Toutatis', we on Wikip. find the Gallic deity named...) having let the skies for to fall down, right on the necks from all the 'punishable' inhabitans of that (famous) village... What's next, also to these latitudes considering, you can't also avoid for to little wonder now. ; I mean...While I'm writing this, by midst April, we now had - almost - some for the most 'snowy' rains in during the whole from this winter. (Which by this late it, of course, was melted away already 'till midday.) Never former it been winter, from all time I can remember, like this... 

- Actually...Came the (very) next day - And we're having here more snows than on perhaps during any day from past winter-times (...by now ! !) Out the window, it even looks like some winter 'wonderland', finally arrived. ...although, that'll be the more temporary change now - As the snow is wet and the temperature already in the morning on few degrees above zero. (Makes me also to little wonder for how it would affect the insects and other 'life-forms' this early Spring already awakened. Guessing still they would 'manage', 'cause it's not cold at all...) 

However, from returning to our topic: I've then come for to learn of the winds that them, indeed, aren't any manner solely a physical, or, only some 'weatheric' phenomenom(s). In any strict definition, by the way, that would sound a lot like describing your house-hold pet - a dog for examples – as some 'collective' of the flesh, bones, and the fats. Explaining smtgh from via explaining nothing. One could say. ; Winds fx are often constant 'all present', but only recognized when they 'emerge'. Most cases (unless prepared) you don't much recognize, but the wind can raise from very short time-fall. When they do, you usually have to stop – And beware, as them tend emerge also often to rather unpredictably. By their very nature, even without any hurricanes and tornados experienced, that meaning.

(Pic) ; ..Also of that X-Women.

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'the name says it all: Windy Mountain, otherwise known as the Beast of Provence...In a strong Mistral, so they say, you can see Corsica from its summit; they also say this has never been proved, because, in a strong Mistral, nobody can stand up there. Wind speeds of 200 miles per hour have been recorded on top...'
 

...But, the way more powerful than few described experiences by my own, I fx also read in w. some quite a curiosity the sentence like 'In Orange the Mistral is said to blow for one in three days of the year, and famously in 2004 it blew for sixteen days straight.' (That Hunt, on p. 225) 
Perhaps smght like, then, even can well interprete to represent from smght quite prophetical – In a manner like those ancient aeropagis and fortune-foretellers claimed to ask from the winds from possible wisdoms to be gained from. Sounds it of course quite superstitious a 'view'. But if you think 'bout it to more thoroughly...Ain't this age, a rather superstitious by otherways too, from all the lot discovered to these views of the modern technology swearing views, way-of-lives ?

Why not instead: Just ask from the wind? Or, let the wind do the talkin... ; U2 has some memorable line – I think it on a song named 'Bullet the Blue Sky'. Goes (about) like, 'With the locust wind comes the stinging rain...' ...And indeed the winds can bring along themselves some physical objects too. Much of it noted in the (usually negative) effects to an agriculture. Such as we read from Africas, ao, where those migrating grasshopper-swarms can eat out complete harvests, empty the fields from crop. Contrastively, some primates, I also read, when the 'locust'-winds arrive, go for the proper position to grasp for their feeding as much as possible from that flying 'nutriency' (locusts).

; ...Sometimes formerly also gotten on a habit from talking for the wind, a word or two. (Like I also sometimes tend from talk to the animals.) And I quite think that almost always I've also gotten from answered. ...You maybe familiar w. this aspect, how the wind then from slowly, or also from a more rapid, seems to gather in some 'frequency'. Sending resultant some mild shivers down the spine, in best of conditions. Sometimes the wind comforts, sometimes it – sort of – slaps for the cheek. (Kindly, oftenmost) Most often I've just tried read those raises and 'wavings' for some communicative sings. Perhaps not very well succeeding on that, but...well, it's smght you mostly think when quite 'frivolous' of moods. Like the sun, the wind can also uplift and – more rarely – push down the overall mood. (The emotions...'gone w. the wind', such as the phrase.)

The most memorable momentum, by recent, w. the winds I had...When to a couple Summers ago, happened from be quite unsual early Summer day w. 'mild' strong winds. I was during the time on a escape from by then ongoing heated season – During the day on the boreal woods for walk. W. no particular 'track' or hurry, for anyplace, I stopped to a period in one spot, watched the wind raging in the above treetops. It was not exactly a storm, open clear day mostly, but was very heavy from blowing.(...my guess, it had gathered 'strength' from the preceded particular heated early Spring dry-periods, that had exceptionally lasted about 6 weeks.) ; Happened then pay some attention on smaller heather-twigs at level below my knee. And then I recognized it. While I was in the very midst of the forest, surrounded and practically 'impenetrable' spot, the low-ground plants were noticeable in bending (from slightly) at the air passing on to that level. I could also feel the slight breeze from it (Although, the 'current' wasn't any manner cold, for it was warm day, about over 24 C, etc...) So that sorts of made clear to me; While most of it was more noticeable from happening in the higher 'layers' (, in form of the repeated 'heavier pushes' against and bending uppermost tree-tops) that same phenomena seemed also present in gathering it's strentghs at the level by my knees. In the midst of no open, an enclosure at the woods. ; ...At least that's how I interpreted the experience. And it was very welcome, very nice 'encounter'. After some several more heated days, maybe a week, we then finally did received some rains – though not much – still to the days of that June. But that way I've come to learn that little I know, of the winds...

(Photo), on left : ...Not much a friend for those now fashionable vegan alternatives to milk. ...The typical adverts - one on the Oat-based variety, I recall - from the 'post-milk generation' usually makes me only laugh, in some amusement. (...The ridicule arises, as I 've read, that formerly when it was 'not an issue' - for the years long, decades for - The milk-products used for been adverted and tried assure about their 'good for health' - for the peoples in numbers of some 'poorer' countries. Some, where many people often may had also been lackin' the lactase-choppin' entzyme (or is it a gene...) that helps in the digesting from milks - IOW, when the imported milk-products would've (often) only proved, more or less, bad for much of the populace in those regions - But, by that late 1900s decades that apparently wasn't recognized for any issue.) 
; Anyway...I disgust as much from to see in the market here those modern packings for the couple litres milk-containers. - I can understand that the families w. lot of kids, maybe, have uses for something like. - Yet, think there must be smtgh very absurd in this ecofashion for increase in the milk consumption and, same time, this 'fierce crusade' against the uses from milk. ; Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) I've actually noted the most recommendable from our modern veggie-'alternatives' - Fx, the plant is most practical in garden too as numbers insect 'favor' it. (Also I've fx myself used that at garden for natural fertlize and 'fixer' in soils.) In the old-time 'natural ecology', when the slash'n'burn agriculture was prevalent form, it was more common cultivated - As the last 'crop' in crop circulation-system, 'cause Buckwheat also needs very little nutrients to successfully grow. 
; ...Not too  well serves as 'substitute' to coffee-milk - in fact, my finding none of these modern alternatives does - but otherways I've noted it practical. (If you can tolerate it's slight 'bitter' aftertaste. W. porridges, filler in soups...) Although, I'm a bit allergic on this plant too, don't buy too often. Despite, I'd buy that more often if there were any domestic produced available... 
; But ops - That slipped from bit too lenghty a story. But it for good sort eco-prod. (Nothing against those cows for little  relieved of their exhaustment, even from their numbers to lessen. - Only against all the modern eco-hypocracy...)  

; ...On the reflections from the winds at his book, (Hunt) also interestingly reminds from 'bout how universal presence the winds have had at most any cultures. Like the case also is to the Sun, Moon, the Seas on coastal regions – There's religious and 'magical' connections almost many as it would appear be count for the separate cultures, currently inhabiting our Globe. So, Hunt fx mentions that in addit for some of the famous winds he walks 'after' his related routes in Europe, there also appears in the wider world 'innumerable' other famous winds - Such as (for only some amongst) there are mentioned:

“...Rashabar of Kurdistan, the Lodos and the Karabutan, the Shamal of the Persian gulf, the Sarma of Siberia, the Squamish, the Tehuano, the Puelche, the Harmattan of West Africa, the diminutive Sz, the preposterous Bad-i-sad-o-bist-roz. Each name is a fairy tale...“ (...of the Hunt's brief listings; p. 252)

Not the less interestingly, not to less 'enthusiastic' ideas (;page 219) he writes from the 'Home of the Winds'. Which referring on (that) several (many) ancient “... Cultures throughout history have believed in versions...supposing the wind to inhabit caves or mountains. [...such as] Greek poet Aristeas of journeying to the Scythian steppes – to find 'a chasm called the Home of the Wind in a mountain range darkened by a perpetual rain of feathers'. ...' [, which] ...might refer to a location known as the Dzungarian Gate, between Central Asia and China, ... [and, also] Lyall Watson writes that peoples as far-flung as the Maori of New Zealand, the Algonquin and Iroquis of North America and the Batek Negrito of Malaysia all believed the winds dwelled in high mountain caves – so often considered the abodes of gods – while the Bakitara of Uganda thought they lived in a sacred hill, 'and pointed out that it had four holes from which breezes blew.'“

...On the wikip. there  doesn't seem exist any (general) entry by that name, on 'Home of the Winds'. But there is few on the more local level. (On some those regional 'places'.) - Didn't check if it would be there by some other naming. (Of the wind-deities there however is, somewhat lot.)

(Pic, beside) ; ...From my sowings for the garden-Vine(s), this Summer. As one w. some experience can easily see - of the early leafs forming now - decided to again cultivate some Ipomoea. Reason for...because they're most to grow first pregrow at indoors - household temperature is usualy just favorable on those and you don't in cases from vines even need to beware from the stems over-growing (Obviously, in the vine it is the main 'purpose', their 'reaching' for the something to grab holds, the constant growth from.) ; ...Only more difficult issue is that when planting outdoors one has to be careful to not let the cold spells (late frost) to kill the young plants. But until the times 'proper' for that, you now only add some fertilizer - almost 'weekly' (their pretty hungry on that...), keep it moisturised, and then I've had the habit from rooting these to the hanging baskets: Already by quite early on Spring. (They will not yet start from well grow on that, any time 'very soon'...But more closer to Summers I tend have the other of tasks for do, and this then often is more practical 'off the sight', by 'earliest'.)
...I'm not quite certain which the name on the English to my this year's variety Ipomoea - The lat name is .quacmoclit, but apparently there's number differing hybrids from it. In the packet these shown to have the white flowers - But seems there's available fx 'mixtures', as well.     

; On the pages 231-3, Hunt contemplates, also of interestingly, whether/'what the likehoods' the Provencian winds might had for do w. Van Gogh's famous insanity from. (And his then followed death by own hand, on a y. 1890.) It builds for a somewhat logical p-o-w too. - While of course Hunt seems see also proper for first acknowledging that; “There are as many theories for Van Gogh's insanity as there for the mass hallucination at Pont-Saint-Esprit: from tinnitus, epilepsy, and bipolar disorder to the lead in his paints and the wormwood in his absinthe. But here...where the Mistral finally breaks free...-the wind surely played a part. ...”

And, well indeed, maybe that view has some relevance. Of course, its admitted for purely as some guessing.

All in all: The book seems well worth to it's (apparent) received many praises. Seems it also been rewarded w. the 'Edward Stanford Travel Writing Award 2018', whatever the history/proofs by that should be, I've no idea... (But apparently that should originate/relate for the popularity of Stanford Guide's, 'est 1850s'...) Also, I've rarely read any travel-book with such a catchy subject from. At least any not comes easily for mind, by the first search from memory. Except, of course, from the more past days. Actually I've often meant to read more thorough some for 1800ian written travel-literatures. Having then also noted that their quality does vary lot, quite similarly as it does today.

(Pic) - 'One for the show, two for the toothbrush...' ; Lastly to these recoms a some ('newer') example eco-prods - but not for the least...By recently I've changed (completely) of using this paste, available at our local eco-shop. (...checked about the non-fluoric alternatives too, but their pricing simply evicted any to my choicing...) 
; However, in compared w. the standard on 'major brands', ie those sold at the local 'marts', this one costed from slighly more. - But in contrast one 'tube' proved also for the lot more lasting in uses. - Reason to that, I think, is quite simple: In difference to most 'usual' totthbrush brand(s), of this the content doesn't 'flow' in any mass-amount - And so it doesn't empty the tube near so quickly.

; NOW, ain't it a quite funny how a minor 'improvement' in design can save your...precious money? (...In fact it is an example of the 'planned obsoblence'. A plain swindle, insultory for the consumers, that market-'strategy' for designed cheat in most those 'standard' brands...) Aspect is also to some ecologic importance - I recall for read on that anti-plastics guide (book by Suzy Siegle), that empty toothpaste packs count amongst some most usual found plastic litters that end up in the Oceans too... 
; 'Small step for me, but a big issue for the humanity...'      

But after some these journeys w. winds – Let us on ends of this to cite for a few more sentences. Where the traveller, walking on the embanks of a river Rhóne, does observe:

“[embankment] lead past the nuclear plant, and on the side of one of the towers I was startled to see a mural perhaps a hundred feet tall, painted in faded blues and browns: a naked child pouring water from a shell, a weirdly New Age design to decorate nuclear brutalism. The tower's mouth huffed steam while below, through a forest if supporting struts, gushed waterfalls of high-pressure mist drawn from the river nearby, a hint of the enormous forces channelled inside those walls. The wind bellowed, as if in answer to a rival power.” (;p. 211)

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(On) 'Our' Brutopian present... ; ...The preceding (citation) should've from suffice to bring us, from somewhat 'neatly', albeit not very nicely, on these fewsome passages in the ending of this post. The subject (, so I concluded) only appears best advanced if we're also offering, yet still, a few more quots for - From which at first, foremost, here offered:

''Today scientists repeat that we know little about the effects of low doses of radiation on human health.“ (Brown): Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future (; p. 309) 
 

(Pic), above : ...From a Valerian(-Laureline) story-plot by 1980 - named 'Chátelet Station, Destination Cassiopeia' (by Meziéres-Christin)

; “...Titterton, for his part, was continuing his strident promotion of the atomic bomb tests on ABC radio including, by way of talk in July 1957 on 'clean' and 'dirty' bombs. The 'layman', he said, was 'rather confused as to what this might mean' and he sought to clarify the matter – which may or may not have helped. Other proponents of the nuclear option were alarmed at the attacks on the bomb tests in parliament, and rallied to the cause in the media. Professor J.P.Baxter, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, was reported as seeing a 'big role for A-power'. He promoted the idea of 'small atomic power stations' to develop Australia, holding out the promise of cheap electricity and 'vast new industries' as a result of atomic power. He also believed that if Australia was to own its own bombs it should be done by building a 'combined power and weapons project like Calder Hall in Britain'. The pro-nuclear lobby went to extremes. ' ”Radioactive” Children Are Brilliant', proclaimed the Advertiser, surely embarrassing the more sober pundits. A British psychiatrist had carried out tests on a classroom of children and found them 'brilliant' at their lessons, due – he believed – to the strontium 90 taken into their bodies. A more bizarre claim is difficult to imagine.” (Cross): Fallout. Hedley Marston and the British Atomic Bomb Tests in Australia (2001,; p. 144.) 

 

Why that so (that we're not to much more of say, here, on a nuclear brutalism)...Goes mainly for the aspect that, after reading that Brown (2015?), I did discover there in the former pasts from the 'industry' so much I wasn't earlier familiar, hadn't by priorly so much read about.
And so, decided then it better for make a few more reads prior I'd write from anything (much) on it. Also already from provided that well informative book on Chernobyl, by Kate Brown. Esp, that all the lot cons it's tellings from about. All that from the many hidden histories and 'connections' of that accident to the equal well lots, well many ugly chapters, some to most easily from arising - Even by any briefest look - on the pasts, histories of the nuclear energy form, and the -arms production. –And already we've had the quite comprihensively cited of that book on the 'marginal'-left, on this blog. (If it not shows, you're probably reading mobile vers, need to change for web-vers.)

As such, the 'scope' of that Chernobyl (-disaster) doesn't then of course so much surprise; Along w. an above referenced Bhopal-accident, it is probably some amongst the most revealing 'case-example' about, or viewpoint for, from what (much) misinformative and completely misleading directions in beliefs we'd gotten to 'inherit' on our present ('ages') from the latter parts by the 20^th century. 
 

In short; Reading it, from that, almost unavoidably leads one for notice what the much else lies 'beyond' the most apparent surfaces to those pasts. – Those misconceptions, the institionalized untruth which having brought us to these present nuclear Brutopia(s). A widespread 'disease' of which our most present 'modernized' economies still in the world said for suffer. ('Painlessly', in most parts, countries.)

But; Subsequent to these considerations, I then only decided feat here not much in addit to these above few quots. - Only in following is this list of books I came for to discover rel to these aspect(s). (...Now merely from 'weighing', for which from the alternatives I'd from to read myself. If I ever happen for have some place, timing on that. Or for several of those.)

; ...The interesting p-o-w being - Along w. the noting from that by now well-renown lie, some for the decades repeated in form of the Chernobyl-accident's having resulted 'only' to some 46 casualties (w. an estimated increase by some '4,000 cases of thyroid cancers') – a falsification, distorted view wrote for, apparently, on a numerous story and 'official' report that then later did establish the prevailed impressions from the accident, and it's long-term effects - from created, ca, between the 1990s to the 2010s. 

(Pic, below) - Of Mignola-Richardson 'Wandering Souls' (via that 'Hellboy and the BPRD 1953'.)
 
(And let us then leave out the mention the rest from all those long-lasted, 'cultivated' untruths, of this part. – The aside pic, sort of, should serve for as informative on that, too.) – But also I thought for quite intressant pow (to mention), that in names or subtitles for these books only some example w. name like 'Lie of the Chernobyl' seems not, likeliest, from so far made it to the name from any book. (; Or perhaps it by more lately has, not so sure...);

; ...on Chernobyl, and 'relating' (Notice that in the followed listing mostly are for subtitles on these books, reports):

'The History of Tragedy' (Plokhy) ; 'A Chernobyl guide to the Future' (Brown, books main name too, is quite telling; Manual for Survival) ; 'Debt for the Truth' (Medvedev, 1989) ; 'The Chernobyl Prayer' ; 'The oral History of Chernobyl' (Alexievits, 1997; and 2006.) ; The Crime of Chernobyl (Tchertkoff, it's main name, the subtl. as 'metaphorical' as the Nuclear Gulag, 2000s) ; 'Learning from Chernobyl' (Liberatore, 1999) ; 'Public Knowledge about Radiation Health Effects after Chernobyl' (Kuchinskaya, 2014) ;

; ...On notorious nuclear past (...since from 'Cold War') radioactivity 'experiments' (on peoples, although of the published available knowledges seems there appear only, mostly from the US's part...) ; the atomic bomb tests ; and of the other topics, from more overall – No doubt, somewhat 'selective' list...but at least it should be adequate for to cover, offer some amount the 'background' histories of it.:

(Kirk, 2017) Doom Towns: The people and Landscape of Atomic testing. ; (Tynan, 2016) Atomic Thunder: The Maralinga Story ; (Cross, 2001) Fallout. Hedley Marston and the British Atomic Bomb Tests in Australia – These selected only on Briton atomic tests (from 1950), due because the US tests on a Bikini-atoll appear to lot more renown histories from. ...One likeliest more easy discovers lots to that part. ; (Preston, 2002?) After the Fall-out ; (Welsome, -99) The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War ; (Washington, 2006) Medical Apartheid. The Dark History from Medical Experimentation on American Blacks from Colonial Times to the Present. ; (Jorgensen, 2016?) Strange glow. The story of Radiation.

; ...plus, Kate Brown's apparently(?) earlier book. Named, simply to, Plutopia (2013) - And of course. There would be the plentiest more on it, from these aspects for finds, to read about...

 
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Otherways ; ...the Spring from advancin', despite anything should be well 'on it's way'. Propably the followed weeks, Months shall keep me pretty busy in the gardening-tasks. That recognized - This for last on any lenghtier postings, for some time. (Or, for past this Summers timing, likeliest...) 

From an...Afterthought, on that Chernobyl; One might imagine that the disaster shall remain for a constant 'actuelt', source for continued re-estimates and of an interest by some generations for historians. For some time to follow this particular one from 'ours'. Little similarly like certain other famous "coincidencies", sort of. I mean...for some comparisons, you could name at least the french ('Great', 1789-) Revolution, or say, the Haber-Bosch process (...an invention whose followings and conseqeunces on the 'military techs', the ecology, and even on social condition' can be estimated been enormous and - some also would say - still being 'suffered'). Or say, even better, the Klaus Fuchs-case (The spying of). ; ...Also, whatever the worth for the speculating, from an afterthought, you are at least allowed to think that all those would've had a large influences on whatever subsequently happened - And sometimes what for (,of positively) not took the places.

; W-G / G.U.J.

 (Pic), above beside : ...Acquired, lately, also this one house-hold plant: Radermachera sinica, ie acc Wikip. the Emerald Tree. Obviously, from the garden shops. - A subtropical tree, and notably can grow for about 30 metre tall on it's native ranges (China, Taiwan, seems that.) Indoors, the 'maxim' is limited to about 1 m. The care is not very demanding - Although not without some conditions met: It should be kept well 'moisturized, but not wet', some weekly/every 2nd week fertilized, in an adequate light. Has nice small leaves. 
(; For it's local used names, here (also) seem exist a few more as well...But anyway, is called (also) to a House-Elm. Well, now having 'House maples', some 'House Spruces', and then a 'House Elm'. ...Had I some tropical indoors 'greenhouse'-room, I'd probably establish some forest of all these...)   

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..."Postcript" - 'The Comfort Zone' ; Looking back these fewsome latter posts here, it only becomes apparent of how ever newer informations (and, knowledges) only keeps from, 'steady', accumulating to these days. The most multiple numbers from web-articles and sources could've been mentioned for their additional usefulneess, to some further checking. Or, even if only to viewed for some to recent 'newsings', about anything.

 ; ...Guess it's much from how the lot from it is presently structured, this 'information age'. And how it still seeks it way, this ongoin' 'big leap' - the way it said for further to affect 'life during this century. One, rather early description tended to call that (aspect) for an 'information overload' (Myself lately more for favored the bit aggravating version' on that: the 'Information OverLord'. Think that fits from a bit better,  of shortly describing these times, this day...) 

; Anyway in relating, from viewed also other article on Aljazeera (that on 'Digital colonialism'; ie 'Digital colonialism is threatening the global South' - from 13.3.2019.) ...On which what wrote on about fx a Netflix and other modern films-'streaming' services felt to rather interesting noted for. Wondering what for the alternative might've now be for the  emerging, later already gotten to (from created)... ; On cons the more earlier (above) chapters at this post, on the global epidemologics, the numbers other aspect(s), histories, epidemics could've been taken for the view. (The written 'argument' most parts concerned the malaria, due because I've probably read more on it than of some other 'global' diseases.) But for examples; On now (,apparently) abit discussed 'wildlife' - human interconnections and 'pathologics', this article on Nature seems prove rather practical. Or viewsworth. ; And...then I even came from to think about this - How much, still what much to aspect, on that, the 'climate', for usual tends 'float' unsaid, and then resultant escapes '...off the sight'. (As usual on Guardian appeared combined much on that in the brief, from compact.)
  

Whatever the wider 'final' impact, the future outcome fromafter all the present 'information overload' - Or, the '-Overlord' - By historical sense it all at least not ultimately can't seem escaping, from endlessly. More easy now is from predict that, despite all the dusk, and all that obscurity ;

(Pic) ; ...Also of that 'Wandering Souls' (Hellboy and the BPRD 1953)
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(...Approved and 'Cheque-lettered' by Dok Doc-to-Power.)
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