My wild bicycle...

; Mulskinner Hi-Tec Review XIV ; [ IV / 2011 ] : Bicycle
  

Biking is (probably) the cleanest man-made invention to movement from since a few past century's history of time.  In the same breadth it can be praised also a healthy and refreshing method for movement (It's also good for the body and mind...at least as long as you don't, from bad luck, happen drive off-side, or the bad weather doesn't appear as particularly troublesome, say...). 

  

Biking also is popular, so one doesn't have to say much more words from it's other good characteristics. The usual preferred alternative (driving cars) of course is so obviously known from it's harmfullness to the environment (Not to mention that it's generally lot more expensive a habit, and will only become more so in the expextable future, no matter from which view you look at that). Walking, on the other hand, is often recommendable but not practical on every imaginable circumstances, fx when you have some stuff to carry along. 

This view-point only becomes more understandable when you think about all that trouble (at any city) when by car ...searching for that parking place, paying for that parking, paying road-taxes [in case there's such], all those bad smelling gases, and all the trouble of driving at a typical street traffic [in Italy that's particularly awful...]). With bike - no such troubles at all, or at least lot less of that.

Bicycle has also changed lot since the earliest around 1870s; 'Whippet' by Lindley & Brigss from 1885. Looks pretty modern..

In fact, it's also quite truly so that those few places in the world where there's (widely) populated regions that still lack the modern roads (carways, or highways), would make a greatest service for both environment and the people from not building some. Or at least for to wait until any better inventions (fuels) for movement would see the day. Roads are usually considered as a ticket to modernization of the country-sides and places, but it's possible to think about the turnsides of that as well. The typical sightings of the animal corpses (of mammals, birds, reptiles as well as the insect), usual view on the roadsides, are not the only aspect that we notice on this. Roads also, more or less, permit peoples increased movement and within increased traffic they usually bring as well  pollution along other typical stresses for the ecology. Where ecology is stressed people usually also get more stressed. 

And, if observed from the life-style or cultural view-points, cars are just as boring as the adverts and sales magazines made to sell them. A common joke, but usually the sole messages they seem say goes like: 'We actually think you stupid enough think that spending such sum of money and changin for this years model would make any big difference (at your own life).' Or, from the ecological view-point; 'Now we're even agreed to make these things a little less pollutive and you should believe it's all for the better of natures and you as well...'

(...Of course, it can very well also be said that I'm probably privileged of saying all this just from the reason that I own and drive a car as well.)

...Cars have changed too. This futuristic "auto" dates back for 1899. Supposedly it was even on real manufacture.(?)

One can't necessary go anyplace or any distances on bike. But (at least on summers),  there's always a good possibility of choosing when to use some. So, as I have only a few kilometres to shops, I nowadays prefer just to take the bike (it's actually even funnier to pack foodstuffs at it's baskets than on a car). On a travel to and from shops one can then enjoy the benefits of that (the landscape, sunshine, flowers, chance of having some exercise, the fresh air, etc, etc.) And not that much waiting on traffic lights, none from the stress that always accompanies driving the gasoline-hungry monster, and even not having to bear behaviours of the equally stressed co-drivers (of cars)... In the ideal world...there would be no cars, only bicycles. (G.U.J.)

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MuleSkinner Book Recommendation #30

Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution and Profit.

by Vandana Shiva

(South End Press, 2002)

[Recommendation IV / 2011]

There's several reasons to our book recommends selection this time. One from foremost maybe is that our texts relative little have been from aspects presented at this book. Even if we've probably occasionally referred for the emergence of ecological movement on turn of century, there's not been that much about these kind issues of importance concerning the projected future (book from it's main topic discusses the expectable water crises on 21^st century). Probably more lately there's  several books been written from the subject, but this seems referred on  many sources I've come, so it makes the most obvious selection.

Water is of course the source of life to all living creatures, big and small. As a natural following it's a necessity for almost everything in the human life as well. Where there's plenty of water one not very often happens think about water issues. Conversely, the problems usually become an area of public concern when that natural water balance appears been lost , or it is significantly threatened(usually no sooner). However, when the water runs out there's no alternative (as also said on the book). The alarming problems resulted from attempts for privatization of water markets and water sources on the developing countries seem been some of the main questions discussed in the book.

(Probably), we're not very much followed these topics discussed (ao, the multi-corporate efforts to dominate the bottled waters and drinks market, etc). Several issues presented also contain such as the Climate Change, the waters pollution, problems of human created artificial irrigation systems (particularly on naturally water scarce-areas), communal water rights erosion (within the trade liberalization of the 1990s, along other aspects), the large amounts of water the modern human practices and production typically consume – and several related topics from water and it's typical human uses. While the book may now be somewhat aged, about decades old, most of the information is still worth familiarizing with. Also, because it seems provide a lot background information for present state of things. (Also on it is made clear how many-sided resource water actually is and how absurd that is to be considered as some sort of product, or 'owned property'.

Shiva also points out in the book that indigenous use of water on many naturally water-scarce areas is traditionally been based on methods often created within time-gaps of several centuries or even from millenias time to the past. Anything what more modern, technological methods and mechanized projects (on agriculture's, largely) has brought seems been the short-sighted, and often careless, uses of water (Which might have also often lead for fx water-logging on certain areas, as well the salinization and desertification problems). Most examples presented are from India, where water scarcity often turns out a more urgent issue than on some other region. (But there's examples from elsewhere too, and the reader as well learns about (so called) Green revolution at latter part of the 1900s... and of various other things, from past and present decades.) 
 

It's also not surprising find it said that often large water projects benefit only a few, but deprive the weak (Holds often true of any large-scale energy-projects, as well). More typically the rule than exception, large dams tend usually have brought some ecological problem and harms as their side-effect. Also, as the outcome hasn't always redeem the 'high hopes' placed for them (even when thinking the usability from generating projected energies for the human use), dams are typically as much often known from the great opposition against their planning and construction. Sometimes that has been enough to prevent building or at least excluded any further projects. Yet on many cases there's still a lot dams been built on river streams and naturally they affect the living conditions of many people, as well as have brought the ecological burden on rivers. (Book also devotes a whole chapter for the role of WTO and the World Bank at many past projects on developing countries, of which the reader is only advised to have a more particular view from the book itself, and from elsewhere).

In the (developed) North larger parts from water routes (rivers) were built for electricity generating already until about 1960s and the more recent times same seems have happened for many water ways on the South part. Typical issues, joined for dams construction are known from fx the evictions of the people (removals from the way of built artificial water pools, ao), the fisheries loss, spoiled soil/cultivation land, etc. In the tropical equator there also lives significantly more people on many regions/areas closer the rivers (than on comparable areas at North), so the consequences also often affect also people by larger scale. ...There's of course plenty other aspects that could be presented from this, and any particular questions brought by dam building by somewhat vary between different places/or on any singular example. Also prior the 2000s there seems been, fx, the Commission on Dams to provide forum for discussion of the many disputes and problems been arised from their construction. But as we can't on this represent any newer information from, the further chapters of this one also needs to read from elsewhere.

For the Northern 'developers' books findings may have been somewhat difficult receive, for Shiva's view-point originate so clearly from the issues of developing countries.(...Perhaps  unpleasant for the ecologists as well...and for the modern consumers too, since in the globalized world any aspect also becomes aspect of some global concern; In other words one can't avoid from being, at least occasionally, reminded from their existence) She also often points out many questions where there's formerly been traditional manners and methods - fx some carefully handled systems built to make water last better and not to overuse the resource. 
Occasionally addressed are also topics that seem have earned a description from 'neo-colonization efforts', usually noted from the intended purposes of to control resources (of water) on developing countries. (Related for that, she also has another probably rather popularly read book (actually is author for several books); Namely Protect or Plunder? Understanding Intellectual Property Rights (2001), which concerns patents as a threat for the ecology of developing countries. Makes a comparable introduction from that area of knowledge, ie the book is from so called biopiracy-issues.)

In brief, in spite of that this book (Water wars) being just about one and half hundred pages it has much said from the subject. Nowadays, years later some of the addressed aspects (perhaps) are somewhat different, or some new issues maybe have become more of a concern. However, in the books introduction is remarked that the water issues are only expected to become more urgent at the forthcoming future. As well the reader also probably notices that at present world the ecological questions often appear inseparable from questions of fairness and equality. (G.U.J.)

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MuleSkinner Book Recommendation #29

 The Rationalists. Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz.

 by Pauline Phemister

( Cambridge Univ. Press. 2006 

; 238 p.) 


[Recommendation III / 2011]

Occasionally is said that time spend on philosophy might appear a waste of time, but I can't say of regretting having spent quite some time reading this book. Although, I also think most from (western) philosophical tradition and history of to appear a much complicated, sophisticated and perhaps also sometimes too frustrating at my tastes. Sometimes I've began introductions for works/texts by Plato, Kierkegaard, ao, but never bothered finish reading any of those. Aristotle, Marx and Nietzche felt more approachable, but on the other hand I probably never considered viewing even a single page of the Kant's theories, or much other from later philosophic writing. Yet, if one ever thinks of such concepts as the good life, or say ethics for instance, there's always a place for some philosophical theory. At least, since the opposite (not to thinking anything at all from those) is far more doubtful a manner and view-point for the life.

Certainly theories (from these somewhat famous 17^th century thinkers) presented on Phemister's book aren't too easy or straighforward understandable, at least without much any former education from this. I'll probably also have to admit that with my school basis familiariaty from subject (philosophy) I can't make very logical, or consistent remarks of the books content. It's of course also so that this kind of book, with such complicated terms/subjects like fx substance(s), problem(s) of the human freedom, active force, the complete concepts, the God, knowledge and ideas, etc. (to name a few), requires some time of study to make any thorough sense from. So I'll probably limit this recommendation to a few notions picked from here and there. Some points-of-views or pieces of the thoughts I hope have gained some understanding from. As result, my notions mostly touch the cultural historical aspect. (That not actually on main focus at the book.)

(By coincidence) book from Spinoza's thinking once passed on my hands and that also might have inspired me reading little further from his times - This book in particular about these three rationalist philosophers (Described as 'System-builders' by Phemister). Somehow Spinoza (Baruch S., 1632-77)⁽¹ has always felt more understandable, or closer to my thinking than most of the other philosophical theory. And, also interesting to me, it appears that Spinoza (S.) is fx usually described by identifying the God for Nature at his thinking. According that, the Nature (Natura naturata, on S.'s terms) encompasses all God's attributes (the finite substances, and/or their forms, apparently smthg also called as the modes), God itself (Natura naturans, on S.'s words/terms) appears infinite. And also, acc. that (S.), no other substance therefore can share any attribute with God. (Even if all this sounds little complicated, seen from the present times view it's also pretty 'advanced' concerning the general attitudes and conceptions for the Nature on his own times. Perhaps it's also not surprising that Spinoza's views/thoughts seem later been found of use on 20th century eco-philosophy too, and is at the basis of some theories of modern ecological thinking. However, it can also be noticed that, Acc. Phemister, at S.'s writings the mentioned God's attributes (Natura naturata) contain, not just the plants, animals and human personnels, but as well the manufactured artefacts, and also such things as roads, towns, fx.) 
 

Theories by the other rationalist philosophers are perhaps more complex to refer even briefly on this, so I'm not going to represent them more precisely. Of the mentioned personnel, Descartes (1596-1650) is of course the most renown, and commonly described as a father for modern (western), philosophical 'school-of-thought'. In addition to that renown cartesian 'phrase' (the famous sentences summarizing his view/method, check that from someplace if can't remember that by exact word), Descartes (D.) also has always been connected for the begins of the revolution on sciences, process usually considered having taken place since about 15^th century (from earliest).

The observed century, 17^th, also is known from (slow) break-through of the 'Copernican world view' (Copernicus, 1473 -1543), which was replacing formerly prevailed Geocentrism⁽² from way of the emerging Heliocentric conception about the planets situation and orbiting around Sun. Probably it's also quite justified saying Descartes's philosophic 'groundwork' having had equally as much influence on the later formation of thoughts (or it having influenced a lot for later western scientific attitude and ways of perceiving the world - From how positive or negative light one sees that, of course, is a matter of opinions...). Also  is noticeable that S., and also Leibniz (Gottfried von, 1646-1716) developed their own thoughts largely as confrontation (or, as 'antitheses') for the problems arised by that Descartesian 'paradox'; Soforth, philosophical systems of both also reflect similar questions and are often seen as oppositional reactions for that Cartesian philosophy. (...And, for their current status as some important philosophers of the 17^th century, both seem only more lately been 'lifted' on appreciation.). 
 

Each of these (philosophers) also were still compelled to keep of presenting their theories very openly during their own times. Mostly from the fear that older, still dominating Geocentric world-view and it's proponents (In practice mainly means the Catholic church) might have judged their theories as heresy. Descartes lived slightly earlier at times than the other two, but S. and Leibniz (L.) too were restraint for to leave some from their works unpublished, L. perhaps by somewhat lesser extent, but – I guess it was also mentioned in the book – some of his works as well appeared only post mortem.

All from the mentioned still enjoyed at least some recognition from their contemporaries, D. even served as councellor for some royals of the time, and was on favor of fx Elisabeth of Bohemia, and by the Queen of Sweden (D. actually died on Swedish court). Leibniz served as diplomate on various tasks as well, and (apparently) also acquired some professoriate  later on his life. Spinoza was forced to live more solitary life, but had contacts with number of renown personnel of Dutch 17^th century culture. On each's case the socio-cultural background and life histories is perhaps apparent from their thought-systems as well. In passing it is also mentioned (in the book) L. and S. even having met, though only once. Acc. that both had some interest for optics (which also was a popular field of research on 17^th century and seems often mentioned having been an integral part on that scientifc revolution). S. appears described  have made a regular profession and modest living as lens-grinder, while L. who had the benefit from having academic background on his family lived at more public circles. But, in spite of their apparent differences as characters, this leaves us some freedom to imagine from what kind of subjects the two might have spoken of during their meeting...

Books cover also similarly little tempts for some speculative thoughts (as the mentioned historical conversation). Taken from Jan Vermeer's (1632 – 75) painting (known as The Astrologist. There also exists a collateral work by Vermeer to this, known as The Geographer). Painting (Astrologist) very well 'depicts' some aspects from that period, the beginnings for that Age of sciences. In fact, one rarely happens find a picture that such proper and suitable to represent the main contents of the book. Mostly so, as it so well seems to reflect both the former period of times and that emerging 'new' era. All the surrounding on picture (devices and instruments, ao Atlas) represent the typical emblems from the period. One can also develop some thoughts and interests by just viewing the picture. Is the scientist seeking some new worlds? Why is he such oddly dressed? Is something missing? Is the picture indeed truthful presentation of, some kind 'sign of the times' from this (early) scientific age on it's birth...or should we look that just as a typical  well constructed quality work of the famous Netherlandic painting school. In other words, is that a depiction from some actual reality [ :)] we're seeing, or merely an intentionally arranged scene... 
 

It has to said, of course, that none from these 17th century thinkers (Spinoza, Leibniz, Descartes) would represent any 'ordinary person' of their times. Philosophy is merely a devotion to aspects mostly bypassed on the regular life. In spite of that, it was a time when such 'rationalistic' theories (or in other words attempts to 'enlarge' the boundaries of the external world and the individual subject) were logical step to formulate and create by these people. It was possible for them to really aim and reach for developing such 'complete' systems of the thought (and rather complex philosophical systems indeed), also (probably) very sincerely believing that this would finally permit explaining the whole essence of being/existence. Such grand wishes – as seen from the view-point of our own times - and even if comparing these for more modern philosophical theory, them probably are seen as rather 'far-reaching' attempts. 

Each of them were also driven by some 'ideals', very certainly. What more interesting on this, is that all also tried derive some kind of moral-ethics on basis of their theoremas (Descartes, it's said, never produced a fully worked-out moral philosophy, but he also -as also S. and L. - is said from to 'regard wisdom as supreme good'. And, D. also presented/discussed at least some thoughts from the ethics in general.). Indisputably much from the current sciences and views from the world are still based on similarly manners of thinking, even if the separating centuries have now changed the world for a very different kind. And there is still be a place for moral-philosophy on modern world. ...But, conclusively from these few paragraphs, it's just said noted that philosophy books also make a good exercise for the mind, even if one wouldn't wish contemplate anything that seriously. (But the book actually 'challenges' it's reader just to that) ; (W-G.)

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Notes:

1. Life-ages of the philosopher's (and other personnel) on basis of Websters (Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, 1994 edition).

2. ...As some example from how persistent and lasting any prevailing view (or a former 'universally adapted belief)' can be, it is mentioned that a Wikipedian-entry from Modern geocentrism seems notice  there still lately been seen some resurgence attempts of that old Ptolemaiac-model of the universe (ie theory from the other planets, incl. the Sun circulating around Earth). Even on our modern times, a period  known as the atomic age, and when there's travels to outer spaces and all the technically advanced astronomic (/astrologic?) science, etc... However, it seems that most geocentric views are creationist by origin, that meaning, they're usually based on literally interpreting some sentences/paragraphs from the Bible.

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...And of the fabrics, clothing, weaving...

Mulskinner Hi-Tec Review XIII ;   Wool

Heap from unwoven yarns...

While every once in while there's invented new kind of fabrics which might prove the best clothing against cold weather, none of them (according my findings) actually can much compare with the wool clothings. At least what comes to resistance for the coldness. Wool is - considering both the natural materials and synthetic fibres - the best choice to keep warm at most circumstances. On very windy weather and at temperatures below zero the best clothing is some suitable underwear, wool in the middle and ast layer from an 'air-tight' material. Wool even keeps some warm while it's wet (a fact that one doesn't  perhaps so often notice for wearing any wet clothes on cold is of course most unpleasant...)

Although it was in passing by us mentioned some disapproval of the sheep (at our earlier writings), I guess we must admit that without sheep there wouldn't be any wool. From that view-point it goes back to the old culture and times past, wool has been weaved from the hair of domesticated sheep (Ovife aries) since long time in history. Almost as long as the humans have kept the domesticated sheep. Quite probably our (grand) forefathers also had even better reasons to invent the wool clothes and weaving of those than we nowadays often tend to devote a thought for.

There would probably be much more interesting to learn about the wool and the wool products. Fx, one may wonder why the much of the wool on modern market is produced at New Zealand, a country which natively was scarce/lacked any mammalian animal species. Or, likewise it is at least worth mention  (on this) that while wool can sometimes be found irritating at skin (particularly if your skin is sensitive for that/materials), there's nowadays good alternatives from products manufactured (Fx, myself I've found the fabrics combined of the silk and wool most useful and never felt it having caused any irritation at skin). However, anything further from this is left for readers own interest to find out and about...


Probably a good praise on behalf the wool clothings is also that once you got the skills (for weaving) you can easily start making them by yourself. (Relative easy, a weaver only needs few bands of wool and some other equipment). And that's probably also reason for weaving having become so nostalgic a practice on this 'ready-made' world of our times.  (Goes without mention that wool products usually tend cause far less ecological harm than most fabrics production. But it's of course also matter from what purpose we/( /you/the consumers), have the need for clothes. Or, precisely what the need buy them for...)

(W-G.)

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The Cooking Companion (Seq. XI ;Tea moment)

“My grandmother always advised me

that if I'd buy some cheap tea

it would make my life seem meaningless,

and if I'd buy only little tea

it would feel like that life would almost be over.

So she always bought tea like having had another life to live.” ¹

(Amy Tan)

Tea is for some people (many, actually) matter of principle, maybe also relates even for questions as serious as the life and the death, or, things like a good life, wisdom (and, fx health). Similarly, tea also is an endless source of arguments from how to prepare best quality some.

Some philosophical word and renown 'aphorisms' also compare enjoying a good cup of tea for the understanding of true meaning from all things in the world (Jiaroa ...Unfortunately, the net doesn't seem show us any biography from him, however...), or (for example) not having had some tea for over a week is compared for to have lost the whole basis of (one's) personal universe (Kipling R. 1865-1936; See fx from www.biography.com/articles about Kipling...) Perhaps I wouldn't myself praise the tea with just that wholehearted words...But perhaps I wouldn't either completely agree with those (also very sensible, reasonable) words sometimes said that the day not having read a few pages  from some good book was the day wasted. Surely, a good tea must be at least as important aspect in life as any good book.

Also, we find from the local books and papers that fx in Japan the tea has very appreciated and especial place in culture. There's even traditional ceremonies for the serving of tea and it is said an event combining such things as meditation, spirituality and also the traditional (Japanese) views from the nature and hospitality , ao. The tea-ceremony is simply defined with the words Cha no yu, ie 'hot water for tea'. Seems also said that tea was there first adapted from China around the 700-800's, within the Buddhism, and that it's first uses were as a medicinal plant. And, indeed the Green tea appears often praised from it's very healthiness.

Anyway, my own relation to this enjoyable drink (tea generally) is somewhat more practical, closer for the view expressed on cited sentences at begin of this post.

According my experiences, Darjeeling appears perhaps the best selection from regular variety of teas (In fact, feels almost that the higher on hill-sides the type of tea grown, better the quality... But any professional tea-taster, of course, would have lots more to say from this subject.) Also the Russian blend belongs for my favorites of the tea. And, in addition to these 'regular' teas (after all it's a liquid made from leafs of the certain plant) there's nowadays  (in the western world) become available various alternatives - from which we mention at this the commonly sold “herbal teas”² like Máte- and Rooibos (Both have certainly gained favor during recent times/decades, also from me...).  And, perhaps it's also so that on each part of the world (or even a country) there's some particular favored comparable drink. 
But, while using the word “herbal” I finally also have to mention the Chamomille , since it appears belong for my definite favorite cups of tea too and  is recommended of many good qualities and benefits for the mind and body health...No wonder they drink it so frequently at Italy. ...Funnily, Chamomille-tea happens also be the drink infused and enormously drank  by that great childhood hero of mine, Cocco-Bill. (The character from comics serie by the same name, drawn by Benito(?) Jacovitti, 1923-77) ; If wish, see Jacovitti's bio from Comiclopedia (Some compendium for numerous comics artist biographies as advertised by the Store/hobbyists pages devoted to comics...but seems that there's also quite plenty of drawings from Jacovitti).

And... this time Cooking companion mainly contains some delicatessen, after meal offerings to enjoy with the accompanying cup of tea. (Not necessarily, but I think these quite suitable for that purpose as well.) (G.U.J.)

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Recipes:

Pecan pie
(A N. American favorite dessert and the pecans nuts probably grow there somewhere. Actually I selected this from that reason, for those are little differing by taste from the more typical nuts. Exotic for me, say...)

Ingredients; (Dough:) 4 dl wheat flour; 1 tbs (thin, fine) sugar;1-2 tsp citron-juice; 125 g butter; 1 tbs water ; For the filling: 200 g Pecan nuts, smashed for raw powder/pieces... (- But I used only 160 g); 1 ½ maize-syrup (- But I used regular some, Agave goes well too as it's quite liquid and pale...); 2 eggs; 3/4 dl (muscovado-)sugar (or some dark/brown, thin sugar); 15 g butter (melted); 

Preparation: First strain the flours and sugar, and mix the butter within. Add citron juice, water, mix briefly and keep about half hour in cool. Then roll the dough (in between baking papers) for suitable size and place on the oven-pan (cut out the edges from that). Over that, add a baking paper which is filled with fx dried peas (or rices, intention is to keep the dough in it's form while at oven). On 200 C, about 10 min. Take the baking paper (and rices/peas) away, lessen heat for 175 and bake still for some minutes a time. Next take bakings from oven, let coollen and after that pour over the pecans. Mix the other ingredients together and pour over the nuts. Bake the pie for about over 30 minutes. Offered with some cream. 

Quiche Lorraine (Pie)

Ingredients; 3 dl wheat flour; 3 tbs water; ½ ts salt; 150 g butter; 1 (regular) red pepper; 1 (small) onion (crushed); some bacon/or ham (- But I used some local mushrooms as an excuse to make 'an experinmental alternative', for we have those available and sold on salt water...makes this a little differing from the most usual version, I'd suppose); 100 g (Emmental?-) cheese; 2 eggs (or the yellow yolk part from 4... about?); 2½ dl cream (...But I used about 1 dl regular and...About ½ - 1 dl Créme Fraiche); white pepper; ...With the complete eggs and créme it's actually better, I think...

Preparation: Bake a dough from flours, butter, salt, water. Let be at refrigerator for about 1 hour, then place it for oven plate; 15 min on 250 C. Ham (or bacon)/mushrooms and onion are fried well (don't burn it, though...), cheese sliced for small pieces. Then just mix the eggs and cream, add the spices for that, and also the formerly fried pieces added for. That poured over the baking base and some 35-40 minutes on 200 C. 
 

Focaccia

(An Italian 'tea-bread'/snack...)

Ingredients; 3 dl water; some yeast; 1 tsp salt; 1 tbs (olive) oil; about...6-8 dl wheat flour; (Filling: ) 2-4 onions; 3 tbs olive oil; 1-2 tsp rosemary; black olives (...alternatively use squash and add chopped pieces of it within the dough...although I've not prepared that...) ; half a tsp salt; pepper; an egg (for the overs) 

Preparation: First the yeast is poured for lukewarm water. Next add salt, oil, flours. Make a flexible dough and let that raise for about half hours covered with the cloth. Onions are sliced and slightly fried in the meantime, olives cut to small pieces. Next make the baking for about the size of the oven plate, add over that the onion, olives. Slightly with spices (pepper, salt). 250 C and about 10 to 15 min.

Fakkas

a N.African (/and Near east?) tasty sweeten 'alternative' (w. fx tea...)

Ingredients; 50 g raisins; 120 g almonds (crushed); 3 eggs; 150 g butter; sugar (about...1½ dl); 2 dl wheat flour; 1 tsp baking powder; 1 tsp cinnamon; 1 tsp aniseed

Preparation: Mix sugar w. butter, then add the eggs and dry ingredient for that. Next raisins and almond. Roll a lengthy baking and shortly moist the over with egg. About half hour in the oven on 170 C. Take the (oven-plate) out and cover baking with moist a fabric (for about an hour), then cut into slices. Finally, keep in the oven another 15 minutes. 
 

(..And by this estimate, following part of the cooking companions/recipes aroud the summertime.)

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NOTES:

1. ...From The hundred secret senses (1994), or, from the Saving the fish from drowning (2003)...I suppose; Because I had not English text available from this, it appears again my own free-form translation (Probably the original words/sentences don't too much differ from meaning compared to this...). 

2. Term 'herbal' used in lack of any better word. Actually I think it's more correct consider those both as the 'independent twigs' among the many generous offerings of the Mother Nature ...And both (plants/trees) also grow on conditions/environments typical for their particular part of the world they're imported from (Africa/S.America).

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From (traditional) manufacture of fibres for the paper and textiles ...And more.

; Mulskinner Hi-Tec Review XI ; [ II / 2011 ]

Shon Twine Rope

(Fair trade product, made from hemp)

For every 'new' invention – or more correctly, product - there's usually an older way of manufacture, often some which can be referred as traditional method. Paper-making is no exception, it has a history that goes back couple thousand years for the past. Originally paper mostly was made from the hemp (and from some other 'natural fibres'). Chemical and industrial production from the wood pulp only has been practiced 100-150 years time (at the most). And, there still exists some manufacture from various other source material.

In my bookbinding and paperwork hobbies I've experimented with many kinds of paper. From vast amount of possible plants to use (for paper making) I've also found mentions of such exiting materials as (fx) Lily of the valley (leafs) and Nettles (stalk, leaves), and those can give impressive and nice results for handicraft papers. Latter mentioned plant seems nowadays also been taken on wider uses at textiles production, too. However – from paper-making part – historically the most favored materials once were Hemp, Jute and probably also Silk. (Each of these has been commonly used in the textile making as well).

Seems also said jute having best recyclability from the natural fibres (Jute has some history on paper materials as well). Actually, it is still worlds 2^nd most favored fibre on the textile production (after cotton). Jute is best grown and has remained at cultivation on monsoon regions, but hemp in the past was grown on variety of places around the world.

Oldest papers were originally made of the hemp, it's use was invented in China already around some 2000 y. in the past. Any old papers made before 1900s actually are said likely to be manufactured of hemp, while the modern production from the wood (and little similarly the markets of cotton and synthetic fibres on textile production) only have displaced preceding materials during the last 50-60 years time, about (from wood pulp part ca during the last 100 y. time, at the most). In fact, seems said as well that hemp can be made for the thinnest of papers, and, that it's production would be (much) more environmental friendly since no bleaching (of paper pulp) would be needed at the process. Therefore hemp as material on paper making also wouldn't cause nearly similar amount chemical pollution as a side effect.

Equally important perspective to notice, harvest from planted fields can be collected each year, and that of course makes it far more practical method than using amounts of wood gathered from forests - In other words, the material for making of wood pulp is said needed growing the trees at least 20-30 years time. Of hemp also more from the actual material of plant can be used for making paper. However (as a disadvantage), the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) mistakingly resembles of looks it's better known co-species that appears contain psychoactive ingredient. In fact there's various separate species of hemp; some that are grown for their fibres and fx for oils don't contain nearly same amount of that chemical ingredient (THC) used on narcotics making. But, of course still on that basis, it's perhaps not very likely the hemp to more widely be taken on cultivation again or making actual 'return' at industrial manufactures. Yet, there fx (with the most probability) would be various alternative plants to use on this purpose. And probably some of those are  still on industrial manufacture, with comparable uses.

...Conclusively, or for more detailed view, there's of course a great deal more to learn from the history of plants/fibres, many far less better known today.
One can fx view some of the links (below):

Hemp

(Most on the history part and hemps displacement from industrial uses at the early 1900s based on an informative text, which seems presented by address with (smth like) the hemphasis web-site...but anyway, information is said sourced from Living Tree Paper company and also it's pages perhaps contain more about that...)

...As I have not checked anything from this very comprehensively, I only think the text seems represent quite good overall covering of the main historical outlines. .
..And for my delightment seems also contain the sentence "Almost any plant in nature with strong stalk is better suited to make paper than trees..." (Like nettles, perhaps, like was noted before. In reality, it's probably also matter how to make best or most efficient use of the cultivated fields, so precious in the present world. An aspect where the Crop rotation probably could play some important part, perhaps).

Jute

; Wikipedian entry from

History of jute trade

; Briefly, and mostly of the jute manufacture history on British India until around mid 20^th century. Gives some general idea, I'd say.

...And if your local Fair trade-shops has nearly as good pages as mine, you'll find probably lots more interesting words of these and perhaps little less better known plants and their history on human use from there. 

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From product intended as the main recommendation on this, I notice that we've now left space for only few lines. It's a strong enough rope, but can be easily cut with scissors (however, I wouldn't try that with the nails or teeth). Made from interwoven strains and some 3-5 mm thick, so it doesn't cut too badly if you need to wrap that around the hand. (Not is perhaps suitable for the heaviest lifting tasks, though.) A handmade product, so I also find that a more stylish and original than most industrially produced stuff. Biodegradable of course. And I even like the color.

...I don't quite recall who might have said that (some famous 19^th century author - Mark Twain?) but it's always useful to carry along some good rope. I've actually noticed that truth recently at such practical uses like fx repairement tasks (of some cloth tear, fx), closing  of little bags, various other hobbyist works, etc. Pretty good rope on many household tasks among other imaginable situations where one might notice have need for some.

It's not difficult to find anecdotes where the rope has played important role in the human history/tales. We can fx remind ourselves about that famous (Danish) fairy-tale author, Hans Christian Andersen (1805 – 1875). For living a life with lots traveling, Andersen always carried along him a rope, even kept it beside him while asleep. Just in case from the house of his overnight stay might have caught on fire (Never happened, though). Also a famous character (although purely imaginative), Theseus, probably should not be left unmentioned on this instance. Like known, Theseus was the hero that slayed the Minotaur according the antique Cretean mythology, and ultimately had some use from rope in finding out of that labyrinth, etc. And...well anyone who cares to dig deeper at the past can finds plentiful examples where rope might have proven of crucial importance, both on the real life and fictional stories.

(W-G.)

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Muleskinner Book Recommendation # 28

Woodpeckers of Europe. A Study of the European Picidae.

by Gerard Gorman (Drawings; Szabolcz Kókay)

(p. 2004; 192 p.)

[Recommendation II / 2011]

Not meant included as part on our environmentalist/conservationist book recommendations, although this unproblematically would belong for those. Mainly selected as it's a practical bird watchers companion book and more especially because the book discussing woodpeckers. So this draws somewhat clearer picture of the aspects left little incomplete on our earlier writings from this (topic). (One could of course choose from a number of books about animals, of scientific texts and from some written on a more relaxed level – Many would have been sound and good, probably suitable for presented on this. But I think this book very well combines some thorough study accompanied with practical knowledge from it's subject). 

 

Main groups from  European woodpeckers;

(Drawing of the book.)

Like noticeable from title, the book is about woodpeckers with presence on European continental area. Perhaps little surprisingly there's only 10 separate species - 9, if the Wryneck, Jynx torquilla, wouldn't be counted for the 'true woodpeckers'. 11, or maybe few more, if some distinct races of the Green Woodpecker, Picus viridis (mainly meaning the Iberian woodpecker, P. v. sharpei) are more lately reclassified as separate species of their own (after the DNA-researches or similar study.) All except the Wryneck belong to sub-family Picinae, which further can be separated for the woodpecker sub-groups/tribes from Picus, Dendrocopos, Dryocopus and Picoides. Two latter mentioned group consist from only a single species, the Black woodpecker, Dryocopus martius, and Three-toed woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus. The Dendrocopos (group) contains largest number species, including the Syrian woodpecker, Dendrocopos syriacus. The Picus genus consist from the Grey-Headed, P. Canus and Green Woodpecker(s).

In the good tradition of ornithologist/birdist literatures text by Gorman is accompanied with drawings from a Hungarian artist (Kokay). Frankly said, it's generally a very useful book to carry along by anyone who walks at the woods and generally if wish to learn more of the woodpecker ecology. Also has lots practical information, even for some specialized hobbyist. (Or, to someone like me, merely an occasional observer of the woodpeckers). One might little miss photographs in case of the individual species presented, but on the other hand there's amounts that stuff readily available on web. The book also has fx overall range maps from each of the species (presenting their overall Euraasian range).

Colour illustrations are particularly useful in the book, fx concerning the Dendrocopos-species from which some resemble each other quite much. Confusion, or the difficulty of separating one from another becomes apparent mainly when comparing the (roughly) similar-sized species; ie on differentiation between the Syrian and Great Spotted, perhaps also concerns the White-backed and Great spotted.

...Also within the variety of interesting topics presented in the book there's fx explained some differences of the anting strategies by woodpeckers, most commonly the behaviour observed from Grey-headed, Picus canus and the Green woodpecker. - Divided for 'passive' and 'active' anting (behaviour), the anting means '...stereotyped set of movement when a bird either picks up ants and sweeps them through it's feathers or wallows in swarming ants' ; the exact function of anting is said still uncertain, but the offered explanations contain, ao, the parasite removal, feather maintenance and feeding behavior. And, there's of course amounts of other facts and knowledge, ranging from variations or differences on the nest excavation method of the individual species, breeding, differences on plumage between the sexes and the adults/juvenile birds, etc. Also contains fx typical flight- and drumming (Oscillographs) patterns from each of the species. And species overall range maps on European continent.

Woodpeckers are characteristic birds of the woodlands. Even that some are more usually found foraging on open area, only the Syrian woodpecker - a species having spread for it's European ranges during 20^th century - appears described merely as a bird adapted to various lightly wooded human-made habitats. On it's Mediterranean range the species is fx said typically found visiting the orchards, gardens, parks, etc. But all other European species mainly inhabit the forest proper, even though almost any of them occasionally are found on so called secondary habitats. Woodpeckers are also quite specialized birds, from which (at least partly) results that different species surprisingly well tolerate other woodpeckers on same areas. Due that several species can be present and use the resources of a suitable region. However from the individuals of the same species birds normally defend their territorial ranges strictly.

As our most concern is on the status and population trend of these birds, remaining words are about that, and especially of the situation for White-backed woodpecker(Dendrocopos leucotos).

In contrary to information presented at our former writings about woodpeckers (on this blog, sequel 11 on the Endangered species-serie), according the Gorman's book White-backed woodpecker listing as officially secure (on Europes, ca 2000s) is actually rather surprising. Instead it seems said probably have declined on many parts of the continent during second half of the 2oth century (but most strikingly on Fennoscandia). As well according the book, White-backed woodpecker used to be much more widely distributed earlier and appeared on larger parts of Europe (at least until the middle-ages, perhaps later). The least adaptive of European woodpeckers, fx the removal of the dying and decaying tree from forests, replacing deciduous forests with conifers are some recent known factors connected in the decline;

“White-backed woodpecker has been unable to adapt to the changes that have occurred in the forested landscapes of Europe over the last 100 years. Indeed most of the countries where White-backed has declined have, since the Second World War, seen an increase in actual forest cover. This may initially seem rather strange, as after all woodpeckers need trees, but when one understands what kind of forests now cover western Europe things become clearer. Rather than habitat loss its the habitat change that has affected Europe's White-backed woodpeckers. Most Finnish forests, for example, are devoid of the species, although it was once common and widespread in the south of the country.” (From p. 143)

One might then wonder fx what the actual extent on this falls for other simultaneous development – fx, the decline on the undisturbed lakeside environments (ecologically favorable areas, that contain typically lot deciduous tree and rotten wood, and as well rich from the available insects), or the birds loosing on competition for more adaptive Great Spotted woodpecker (D.major), or the varying seasonal changes (mainly the effects of several subsequent seasons of harsh and severe winter conditions). But, like has been studied and researched, main factors on the birds overall decline are traceable for human caused alteration of living habitat, and as well for introduction of mechanical forestry practices  since mid past century.

In terms of evolution White-backed is said to class among some from oldest Dendrocopos- species, which also is assumed explain it having such narrow and specialized habitat requirements. Places occupied by the bird on Europe are invariably suitable for several other woodpecker species, but not vice-versa. (p. 135) The vulnerability of the White-backed woodpecker appears somewhat more than several other woodpeckers rooted for it's specialization of the diet, most of that consisting from larvae of Cerambycidae (ie the Long-horn beetle spec.), which the woodpeckers dig from decaying wood matter, also from standing heart-rotten dead wood trunks. Most other from the (European) woodpeckers also feed on wood-boring beetles larvae in part of their usual diet, with varying degree. Often the diet includes also fx various insects (ants most commonly), other preferred invertebrates, the cone seeds, berries, to mention some from usual favorites. However, from none other appears the diet as much specialized than on White-backed. 
 

Oberonea Aculata.(Uncommon, not rare Cerambycidae spec.)

...This also kind of reminds me of some study which noticed about 50 to 60 per cent of it's diet (or from the food brought for the nestlings) to consist from Long horn beetles larvae. Perhaps most part of those are some more common species - like the Bark runner (Rhagium spec., whose couple genera might represent the most usual of the Fennoscandian Cerambycidae). But, (to get the complete picture), Gorman seems mention some Finnish-Russian comparative study that recognized  about well over dozen threatened Cerambycidae-species, or other wood-boring Coleoptera (ie Beetles), occurring on diet of the White-backed. Most of these are species that mainly increase and live as larvae  in the decaying wood of the deciduous trees (like, most typically from the North European part, the Aspen).

As to return for the bird, Gorman seems also say that during varying different seasonal conditions or in lack of it's main food sources, also White-backed woodpeckers may  rely slightly more variety on the diet. (As well is said that this quite much differs between birds from different countries/ecologic areas, like logical.). Yet the species is also said almost completely insectivorous. As White-backed also needs large foraging territories (Significantly larger than most European woodpeckers) it becomes quite understandable why the favored areas represent mainly some strongholds of the old-growth deciduous forests (whatever the tree species prevailing on separate areas on continent, but on such places the bird mostly still flourishes). Main preferred habitats are places where forest management is minimal, or such where the terrain remains left almost for it's natural state. Gorman fx mentions it being still rather common on it's ranges at Norway on regions where forest management happens be difficult due the steep terrain, where the high rainfall rates and moisture levels make the environment favorable with high density of the dead wood, and resultively, there's abundance from available insects. (p. 135).

Some populations that exist on Southern Europe also suffer from isolation and fragmented habitat, although it's said that in general the bird still has strong distribution eastward from it's European ranges (On Fennoscandias the situation is somewhat comparable, or at least populations perhaps are partly dependable from the occasional migrants from East). But, anyhow book also mentions largest part from (remaining) species European populations to exist on the remote parts of the East European countries where intensified forestry practices hasn't been that widely applied. In overall the bird appears with rather patched distribution, largely due the current scarcity from suitable very old deciduous forests on Europes.

Like usually the case, human alteration often changes natural relations of the different species. From the species (woodpeckers) that apparently were on general increase, the book mentions the Great spotted, Syrian, and the Black Woodpecker, all those probably having benefited (by some part) from the human brought changes – General increase of the latter mentioned is also said have gone in parallel with the introduction of more environmental friendly forestry practices during the second part of 20^th century (following that having originated on Germany and later subsequently taken on uses elsewhere, too). Seems logical, although the other reason presented appears found from an increase of the (planted) coniferous forest (ie the afforestation development during past centurys), which may have favored the Black woodpeckers range expansion on the western European part, as well as prompted it's population rebound. It inhabits both the coniferous and mixed forests. Anyway, species actually is mentioned having increased and expanded from range at most countries, except on Finland. 
 

From Finland it's perhaps also interesting Black woodpecker been said - I kind of remember mentioned on some instance - by some recent decades time having started nesting increasingly nearer the urban areas or closer edges of the human settlements. (A behavioral change which maybe can be explained from need of the suitable larger trees where to excavate nesting holes, but perhaps as well from the anti-predatorial behaviour, mainly as the avoidance of Pine marten.) Peculiarly, if the bird was getting scarcer, in the same period it might also have become more visible or more often seen. On the other hand it's easily recognizable bird, and when encountered rarely passes unnoticed. On Finland, as elsewhere too, the Black woodpecker is present on quite large ranges, perhaps appearing more frequent at southern parts of country. (Seems always been somewhat culturally appreciated bird, but yet also with maybe little ambivalent feeling, for in the old Finnish folk tradition Black Woodpecker pecking at the back of the building was considered a bad omen.)

As the largest species from European Picidae Black Woodpeckers on some singular area probably appear not very frequent, but like said it's also noticed a bird well tolerating various kinds forests environment, actually Gorman defines it as a more habitat generalist than most other woodpeckers. ...And it's also the sole European bird that can excavate cavities in the sound wood of living trees (though living trees with heart-rot are invariably selected). A number of other birds use woodpecker holes for the nesting, Fx, Tengmalms owls are said almost dependent on holes dug by the Black woodpeckers in the managed forests where natural cavities are lacking, as also mentioned in the book (p. 90,92).

...The bird also has very strong bill and on some places it's been observed on winters to open frozen food-sources for other birds to use. (The book mentions a singular example where the Grey-headed was observed during winter conditions foraging soon after on the same trunk containing ants nest which was first been uncovered from under snow by Black woodpecker).

...And, Black woodpeckers also are said known from readily to forage on young spruce plantations that often provide stumps of felled trees containing amounts of wood ants. This seems also maybe telling from it's great adaptability to use new food-sources (p. 86), on changed environment. But frankly, by many ways it's considered ecologically rather important bird.

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Even if some of the woodpeckers (maybe) appear relative well to tolerate typical human forests use, several species are noticed more or less having declined (at least on the previous decades time/as an overall trend). Scarcity from middle-aged oak woods is said been the main factor on decline of the Middle-spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos medius. It becoming locally extinct on Sweden around 1980s is one aspect (and earlier on Denmark), but Gorman also mentions the Slovakian and Italian populations being rather fragmented and in overall the European populations to suffer lack from the suitable aged oak wood habitat. The Lesser Spotted, Dendrocopos minor, and Three-toed Woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus, as well, seem said been on slightly declining trend, and largely from the resembling reasons (as what presented about White-backed woodpecker), although their status and exact reasons yet were maybe less comprihensively studied at the time of books appearance. But the former (D.minor) seems appear with rather fragmented distribution across Europe, resulting from disappearance of deciduous forests. From latter mentioned (P.tridactylus) largest population appear emphasized for suitable spruce forests on North Europe (about 30 per cent of that appear on N. Finland, seems said). As well meaningful from the disadvantages for woodpeckers, more particularly concerning the Green woodpecker, is noticed the decline on availability of ants, at least on some studied areas. (Although the bird seems said having declined on some areas while increasing on the others, and with rather varying degree. So it's overall status was also somewhat less clearly known.)

All in all, it's possible to get a good basic understanding from ecology of the woodpeckers from this book presented. On basis of these few observations it seems fx that them appear actually very adaptable species (even the White-backed), which sometimes relative well thrive even on with quite much human brought habitat alteration. According to our own afterthoughts from this seems it that those impacts (human use of the woodlands mainly), in form of  the caused disturbation of the natural ecology; changes of, or the resulted degradation brought for the original forest habitats (whatever the view preferred) and – to sometimes surprising degree – the actual destruction of those habitats (like any larger forest cuts, fx), might have lead the most vulnerable species becoming affected. With some more ecologically sound forestry methods introduced in during few past decades, the general view perhaps might show quite different after while, maybe already is. Europe also is some from most densely populated areas in the world, but on the other hand there still is quite much nature and environments left.

But, in fact, many things observed on this (of the woodpecker ecology, but as well concerns the other wildlife) originate from since longer in the past. From a woodpecker point-of-view, certainly some of the most disastrous practices of 20^th century were the human introduced widespread planting of the forests (of conifers mainly, replacing the former habitat) and resulted increase of an even aged woodlands, which represent the most typical forms of modern alteration caused on forest ecology. But, fx the disappearance of the deciduous forest(s) actually has origins well for the 19^th century at least (by some part, if not on comparable on scales, probably).

It's not perhaps reasonable expect that very much of those lost natural habitats would be returned for former state, or for their “former glory” (Would in fact appear unforeseen development in the human history, if thinking that as any 'oppositional development' from typical human forests and lands use and practices. And, if thinking that to mean any significantly larger tracts from the environments). But at least some ecological recovery one could maybe notice happening. Of course it's also a matter of economics, but since the Europe is a continent where the economic and societal progress is well advanced (Not said as any  comparison with other continents), and  the economic losses limited when compared to the caused past (and long-term) ecological harms, the described  restoration of the environments seems still possible, not any imaginary scenario. So one could also say for the end that hopefully the economics shall matter less on the coming share of the material wealth (between man and his surrounding, ie the natural environments).

(...From the woodpeckers comes also to mind that, while I've only been able observe a few, they're indeed species that sometimes give the impression of almost maintaining some kind of the sixth sense. Often when I've thought been watching them form distance, the birds behaviorally or otherways give the impression from surprising awareness of observer. That of course can explain with various ways, but I've then come think that probably they're birds with particularly strict hearing sense. Although, I've mostly observed just the Great spotted which the book mentions not only perhaps most adaptive species, but also from being the most evolutionary 'advanced' of (European) woodpeckers.) Kjik.

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(Some) additional reading:

Winkler, H. (et al.), 1994, Woodpeckers: A guide to the Woodpeckers, Piculets and Wrynecks of the world.

- This seems like some identification guide from all kinds of woodpeckers of the world.

Sielman, H. 1961, My Year with the Woodpeckers.

- According my memory this was quite interesting book from the same subject. (Actually I also considered it as the book on this recommendation, but couldn't find a copy and it's some time since I had read that...Gorman's book is of course lot newer and contains far more information from any singular species.)

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