Species endangered (MS-Blog Series from) XV

(South American) Harpy Eagle

Class: Avia

Order: Falconiformes (/Accipitridae)

Latin name: Harpia Harpyja

Range: Amazon rain forests (Range reaches various countries and it still appears on large part of South- and Central Americas where's suitable lowland tropical forest. Considered locally or regionally extinct on some ranges where it formerly was common, but currently been reintroduced on parts of that range, too.)

IUCN: NT (VU) / CITES: Appendix I

So far of a lesser attention in these series of the endangered, birds (Avia) are now presented on the following posts. Naturally we've been forced leave out many endangered genera – to name a few of plenty there's fx parrots/macaws, hummingbirds, and Passeriformes (a common and most numerous genera that also contains also various threatened). This selection still makes logical choice since equally large proportion of the Falconiformes (= Birds of prey) also are. Birds often, but Falconiformes especially often appear associated (by humans) for various culturally valued virtue and/or appreciated things (like the hope, freedom, ao). To the contrary they're also historically been some of the most hunted of birds and often intentionally persecuted.

There's closely 300 different species that are usually classed for the raptors, or in the diurnal birds of prey. They inhabit most regions in the world. Usually they eat various smaller bird, mammalians, reptilia, typically also carrion. Some birds can take quite large land animals (like smaller herbivores, in cases). Further, some species like the condors and vultures are specialized to feeding on carcasses. And, there's as well species that hunt on sea lines and coasts eating mostly the larger fish.

From classification Falconiformes are miscellaneous group. Over the world various species inhabit the different regions and some only superficially resemble each other. Many have also especially evolved adaptations to their own ecological ranges. Usually the raptors are classed as one main group of their own, although (at least) some of the vultures nowadays seem believed genetically closer to Ciconiiformes (Storks). The Strigiformes (owls, etc) also noticeably resemble them morphologically, so it feels apparent/supposable them would also be related. However, this now has to suffice from that without any further examinations.

'Ancient memorandum'; The eagles/falcons, of which some species fly high in the zenith of the sky, always have had capabilities to inspire humans imagination and are still in many places held at high cultural esteem. Partly similar vein than the contemplations of past mythological role of the snakes (on our previous post in series), we can also notice the important role birds of prey were given at (some) past cultural heritage/civilizations; The ancient Egyptians, who also fx associated Sacred Ibis to represent an incarnation of one deity(named Thoth), identified falcon for the sun. The worship of the sun had central role in their religious beliefs, and the falcon associated for it was presented;

“...bearing the sun disc on its round head, with the sun's ray's flashing from it's wings representing the sky. Such a powerful creature was therefore, like the bull, appropriated by the Pharaohs. So Horus, falcon god, is represented with a sun-disc or a crown on his head; and the statue of a Pharaoh often has a falcon perched on the back of his neck enfolding his head-dress with its outstretched wings.” (Attenborough 1987, p. 80)

Such important deities as they were, it was at first believed only one animal carrying the 'properties of divinity' on Earth. Later this view changed for belief that all the individuals of the species were considered having fragment from that divinity and believed similarly sacred by some level. Therefore falcons, like the other animals, also were also suitable objects for mummification – with the practice it was believed possible gain favor of the patron god that particular animal represented. In the Egypt exists fx a 'sanctuary' of corridors/tunnels dug in the ground, containing (estimatedly) remains of some 800 000 falcons – along with even more similarly preserved Sacred Ibis – most sealed in the small pottery sarcophagus. Mummified birds were offerings from the devotees of the Thoth and Horus (; However, to ensure that adequate number of birds was obtainable, the populations of birds - falcons namely - are believed been especially captive-raised to fulfil demand.) Only distantly resembling the above presented - but perhaps still little similarly - in the (Christian) medieval times various animals were depicted in allegories from words of the holy text (In medieval bestiaries, sort of illustrated manuscripts which combined classical authors writings and imagined beliefs from animals characteristics, etc) The eagle was seen as parable of resurrection, so it was depicted somewhat resembling the (nowadays) more common and renown Phoenix-myth: When the eagle grew old it flew close to the sun and then dived for earth (into spring of fresh water) for to emerge from there rejuvenated.(Attenborough 1987, p. 80-3; 144-5)

Much from these medieval beliefs, as well as from the ancient Egyptians (perhaps) more practical relationship for the religions, most palpable survive in paintings and other pictorial cultural heritage left after. Perhaps there's some additional similarity, too. The birds as allegories for eternal life may probably also have something to do with their most characteristical feature - Birds have wings and flying itself is enthusiastic capability and unattainable to man by physical means.

From this particular species presented in this text (Harpy Eagle) we at least learn it having received the English naming from yet another past religion (and source for many popular myths still reused on our times); Harpyas originally were winged wind-spirits at the Greek mythology. They were considered vicious, bird-bodied female creatures, usually presented as personifications from destructive natures of the wind (Carl Barks drawn characters at story 'Golden Fleecing', from 1950s, contains rather 'tame' depiction of the Harpyas, since they appear lot less horrifying and vengeful from description - But it's pretty funny interpretations, actually.) On more general level there's of course plentiful associations from birds-of-prey as mythical creatures, deities, ao (in various cultures). Still today one doesn't particularly need to look for their many representations - These are even more common than could be hoped foron fx emblems, on heraldry, coins, etc.

'Birds-of-prey, birds of hope' Even with all the above described valued associations, the large birds of prey also have always raised ambivalent feeling. Many are carrion eaters and not favored therefore. Often they are also been seen as potential threat for the herds (/cattles) maintained by humans and as result killed by fx farmers. Not to mention the hunting for sports, which especially in the past, is known been main cause for population reductions concerning several falcons. Deliberate shooting in places still makes a most typical threat.

From the Red Kite(Milvus milvus) the Beer-morris book (2005) mentions that it literally became 'shot down from the skies' during the 18^th and 19^th century, accompanying the fire-arms slow but steady increase (decline also followed the reduction on it's prey items). For the birds luck, they were able to retreat for moors and mountains, where there still was peaceful nesting places. Since the early 20^th century, helped by conservation efforts began it's recovery and nowadays bird has relatively widespread ranges. It's mentioned re-introduced to several places on the British Islands from juveniles taken of continental populations. Considered a conservation success nowadays, though the population increase appears slow and the birds are mentioned still vulnerable to various threat (like the poison baits intended for other animals, rodenticides, ao).

More recent times have brought additional/different threats to raptor species. Some decades ago, the Sea Eagles (gen. Halietus) were in noticeable reduction – or, even found locally extinct on some European countries - and after that been only on slow (since 1980s) recovery . Main reason was exposure for DDT, earlier widely used as pesticides. It gathers for birds organic systems and was also found disturbing their reproduction. Similarly, the Ospreys (like the Red Kites they also were earlier commonly persecuted), suffered largely from the pesticides use in the past decades - on 1950/60s, so one may wonder whether the reason in that case as well was the DDT(?) Osprey's still appear on quite large ranges and have retained rather 'secure' by populations. They also eat mainly the fish. From various other raptors fx Peregrine falcons are mentioned been similarly affected from DDT-usage. (Also, had large effect in the population collapses of the European otters. Nowadays those are said to been recovering, though probably still are locally decreased and even extinct of some populations.)

From (some other larger raptors), Steller's Sea Eagle (Halietus pelag., VU), inhabiting the Kamchatkan ranges, is mentioned to have suffered/suffering from (petrochemical) pollution and reduction/overfishing of its prey (salmon, probably). Of the European birds, earlier the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti, EN) also was becoming alarmingly scarce - it was found almost extinct at the 1960s. Nowadays, been legally protected for some time and increasing at the conservation areas appears probably somewhat better. Reasons for it's slow slow recovery include some of the typical to other raptors as well; habitat loss, reduction in prey animals, eagles having died from eating carcasses of game animals at poison traps, also (mostly the juvenile) occasionally flying for electric power-lines.

Especially for pelagic species most common threat is the disappearance of the habitat. The Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga efferyi, CR) was found under similar endangerment (from the forest destruction as well as the shooting) already some decades ago. As large species – the largest eagle in the world – it also breeds slowly. Rather different example, perhaps, the Galapagos falcon (Buteo Galapagoensis, VU) also has was largely hunted in the past, but it's recovery mostly is mentioned have resulted from eradication of the non-native animals (goats) which had changed original ecology at it's living islands.

People more often notice the impressive eagles and hawks, but also the usually disliked carcass-eaters may have even more important tasks in the nature. Asian vultures are mentioned also (quite recently) having underwent alarmingly fast declines. They (Gyps bengalensis, G.tenuirostris, G. Indicus) largely suffered from use of the Diplofenac, veterinary medicine used in the treatment of domesticated animals. Vultures appear highly susceptible for Diplofenac. As regular eaters of animal carcasses (of which some treated with the medicine) the vultures populations crashed. The populations of the Red-headed Vulture(Sarcogyps calvus, CR) are mentioned been affected only later quite similarly, supposed reason being that the competitive larger Gyps species earlier still were numerous enough to exclude them from most carcasses treated with the medicine.

Additionally, many eagles and falcons suffer from the illegal collecting of their eggs. Yet another typical human created threat is the capture for trade; concerns fx some Asian desert hawks sold to the Middle-East market. And, more generally there's probably many endangered smaller birds-of-prey (like buzzards, kites, etc) in addition to the better known large ones. But it's also of course so that for the different species there's usually particular things that affect in any singular case.

However – may also be a false supposition of mine – but apparently not any continental bird of prey wasn't found extinct in during the 20^th century (the pelagic species are usually most vulnerable since they have more limited ranges). Much of that probably also is result of their conservation and protection having emerged by largest part during the same century. And, generally the larger change in attitudes has probably had some effect on that too.

Sometimes, the predatory birds (falconiformes) also have been capable to 'miraculous' recoveries from the brink of extinction. Famous example of such, Mauritius Kestrel (Falco Punctatus, VU), is said to have largely suffered from its habitats (of the suitable forestries) destruction and finally was reduced to a populations of just two breeding pairs in the 1970s, but yet it didn't die out (An unusual exception...). More later it's been recovered to somewhat 'safe' levels. Little similar case perhaps, the Californian Condor (G. Californiacus, CR), also was close the fate of total disappearance – it was extinct in the wild - but after had been bred and increased in captivity, it appears not such endangered and slowly increasing nowadays (though still largely conservation dependent).

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Harpya is a large eagle - only second in size for the Philippine – but in spite of that wonderfully adapted for it's forest environment. The bird occurs mainly at the uninterrupted lowland forests. It can be seen high over the forest cover, or as well in agile flight between topmost tree peaks and between the twigs. They rarely appear to fly over open area. Harpyas predate larger animals they find at the forest, the sloths and monkeys mentioned probably forming main part of its prey. But, can use as well fx agoutis, armadillos, deer, and some large birds (Macaws, fx), large lizards, snakes occasionally (Harpia Harpyja; GRIN database sheet, [2009]).

Although, the Harpyas also remain less better known of the eagles in general. It's ecology fx is far less studied than of some other diurnal raptors, since its often difficult even to follow the bird in such difficult environment. In fact, it was stated somewhere that few decades past it's nesting still wasn't known much at all. (Nowadays the research data probably isn't that limited, fx the mentioned GRIN-database listing of research articles on Harpya eagle provided some 78 entries.)

Contrary to some other comparable endangered birds of prey (like many of the presented at preceding paragraphs) Harpyas still inhabit very large range all in all, from the northern Argentina to the Central America. Nevertheless, it is also considered locally extinct in parts of its former range and at least earlier was on general decline. Harpyas reproduce relative slow like most large bird, and lay 1-2 egg at the time(from which only one of the hatching survives). Trophy shooting mentioned as common threat. Another appears the hunt of its prey animal by humans. Both often occur along with the deforestation development which is viewed bit more precisely at following paragraphs.

In general, it's (probably) considered still quite common but sparsely distributed in the forests. (According the GRIN-database the population estimates on its range rely mainly on assumption that a large Harpy eagle population still remains at Amazon forests.) It is also been nowadays been re-introduced on parts of the former range. Somewhat conclusively seems it stated that although the bird still is '...reasonably common in the Amazonian forests of Brazil and Peru, it will only survive in the long term if the escalating forest destruction in the region is brought under control' (Species Fact Sheet, Birdlife international).

(Since the pic at begins of text likely presents captived individual, see for pics of the bird fx on its page at Arkive)

'Teeming with life – Threatened from devastation of the forests'; Like is well-known the rain forests are most biodiversity rich areas of the world (ao, they contain about some 25 per cent of the terrestrial species; amphibian, bird, mammalians, along that also various plants, trees, etc). This is not just from the warmer tropics appearing 'natural Edens' for animals but for some degree also since there the larger forests still (until recently) have remained largely untouched from modern developments. Not the less importantly, the rain forest are probably among the oldest land ecosystems in the world (the older ecosystem is, more it usually also contains different species).

So, it's no surprising that concern from the fate of forests has emerged on more recent times. Deforestation is nowadays commonly seen as one of the most worrisome developments (discussed in the climatic talks, as well as otherways noticed). Yet, it also often feels the least visible, somehow. The more recently emerged anxiety perhaps still overshadows the thing that not many year ago the tropical forests going for plywoods and their exceptional tree species demolished by alarming rate wasn't generally that much noticed at all (or thought as considerable aspect to worry about). At least didn't that much reach the attention or concern of the common consumer (like me and you, perhaps). Nowadays there's likely lot more discussion of the various aspects related; like the deforestation threat, sustainable forestry, REDD, and other such things.

One who cares to read and has time (fx from the links below) notices also the usual aspects/developments that tropical deforestation often appears joined with; Such include fx questions from the land rights, the illegal logging, diminishing in the highly valued tree species (mahogany, teak, ao), large-scale acquisition of lands by foreign nations/corporations, degradation of the forests/soil, conflicts that often emerge resulting from violations of environmental laws or the peoples rights, evictions of groups of people from their traditional livings areas, etc. Feels like the list could contain far more things, but we'll leave that for anyones own interest to look for.

Largest part of the deforestation no doubt takes place on tropical region. Like fx in the Brazil, the country with notably largest deforestations rates in the world for some decades. (See fx map from the past deforestation in the Amazon regions that show the cleared areas until recently; also separately presents continued deforestation between 1998-2006). The process has more recently - since the 1990s at least - been driven by clearance of land for cattle and ranches (comprises about 70 per cent of the cleared land). However, it's also fx said that Brazil could halt the deforestation in about a decade, around 2020 appears stated. There's also large established reserves by Brazil state for the indigenous groups on Brazilian Amazon. Large part of the indigenous people in Brazil still live on those areas which also are known having reducing effect for the deforestation, fx, As well with other protected areas these are also known to diminish the effects from destructive forest fires spreading (which often occur on seasons) - like presented at some researches (View the mentioned study on sources for more precise on that).

By no means appears Brazilian Amazon the only tropical region affected by aforementioned developments, even though – along with the Indonesia – it has for some decades been the country with most concentrated deforestation. Yet, theres as well many other places whose indigenous peoples (ie 'people with the least carbon footprint' in the world – if to use that popular and fashionable term of our times) are been depressed from similar developments for decades. Many are forest people and many have been driven of their lands following the forest clearance by corporations/governments. Often this has also resulted for conflicts and been joined with the caused environmental damage, of which some past examples seems combined in this story.

(Only mentioning this very briefly,) but contrary for the eastern part of Amazon, it's also said that western part still remains generally less affected from modern developments. The eastern part is fx noticed probably lot more vulnerable to the forest fires and other climatic threat on future decades. Western Amazon is also biologically most flourishing area on Amazon basin. Yet, fx illegal loggings take place (Actually it was on someplace said that illegally cleared forest makes largest part of the deforestation on Amazon). As well, there's been other developments like the oil, several companies have projects on area. One who wish can view the research (Finer-Jenkins-etc., 2008) listed on sources, which discusses the former and planned oil projects on the western Amazon. Notices also roadless extraction as alternative for the past developments (Probably, nowadays many would rather not see the extraction to take place at all.) But, if wish to have better picture from most other aspects in that an interested probably needs also check other relevant information. (And more profoundly than we've done for the purposes of this text.)

There's various different parts in the Amazon forests and particular tree and plant species more typical for certain regions. The main rivers crossing the forest divide it for some ways different ecological areas. There's also various habitats on different level/heights at the rain forest eco-system; or, more precisely each level on tree cover each contains a variety of arboreal species and appears a smaller habitat of its own. Different animals live on grounds than on the trees and there's species that rarely – if ever – come for the grounds, fx. Naturally there's interchange between levels. Some parts of these 'ecologic chains' are little better known, some less well and the upper forest cover is mentioned the least known/studied. Although, it is not too unusual either that a new species is found from among the ones inhabiting ground-levels.

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Also appears researched that on it's early beginnings (supposedly on Paleocene period, ca 65-55 million years ago) the variety of forest plants (including trees and the flora) already contained much of the still dominating forms like fx the legumes, etc. The current plant diversity actually is said likely appearing nowadays somewhat more multiform and varied than what existed in those days - Possible explanations presented are that perhaps the forest was at that time only on beginning of its formation. Or, alternative explanation given assumes forest species on early Paleocene perhaps been on recovery from former extinction event (having taken place in the preceding geological period, at the end of the Mesozoic era) (More of that in article refered on sources)

Whatever the most influential reasons affecting on that, the Paleocene climates are known have been considerable warmer and moisture. This contained some of the most rapid warming during past ages - rapid on climatological criterias since it's estimated to have lasted some 20000 years and later was followed by millions of years with more gradual and slower warming. The warming increased moisture which transferred for poles where temperatures probably remained over 10 degrees (Celsius) regular. The so called Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is believed have caused other climatic processes and effects on the pole regions, like warming of Arctic Oceans, changes in the Ocean circulations, etc. The main reasons leading for the event probably are not yet too precisely known. But interestingly it's during that same period (Paleocene), and despite the mentioned 'thermal peaks' in climatic history (ie PETM), when began the influential growth and evolutionary success of the mammalian order (the larger reptilians had well before disappeared, but many other terrestrial species in general also are believed have flourished.) On beginnings of the period world was scarce of large terrestrial animals, but relatively soon - during millions of years, of course - the earliest insectivorous mammalians had diversified for a wide variety of medium-sized and even for some larger genera. (They still were evolutionary archaic compared to their 'modern' descendants, but until end of the period had conquered most ecological tasks and places in nature. From the other animals fx the land turtles are mentioned appearing on Paleocene fossil record more numerous and richer of genera than at any period later.)

All which took place, ie things presented on preceding paragraph, happened on rather different world than current one. During those warmer climates the forests fx are mentioned have ranged as far north as the Ellesmere islands, today part of northern Canada (close the Arctic). Elsewhere the later withdrawal of the ocean may have caused changes on coastlines of continents, ao. The European part of Eurasia at beginning of Paleocene fx was only on it's formation; It was covered with shallow seas and only around the end of period these seas began to give away for emerging archipelago of lands. Land bridges existed as well. One such still joined the North America and Eurasia, also permitting various species interchange in between them. Subtropics appeared at least all the way to northern parts of these continents. And, the South America and Australia were still joined via Antarctic land bridge.

Having not too much particular knowledge from any of that, I actually think of it kind of an dream age (probably seen that someplace mentioned or compared for). Can be also interpreted as alternative statement for the 'unknown', because Paleocene appears likely the least known period of the mammalian ages – it's also most distant by passed time and as well the known fossil record is of little and scarce. Most interesting, perhaps, is all what this leaves open for speculations especially about the early emergence of the modern (natural) world.

In addition, Paleocene also is mentioned as first period from which some animals (known as Plesiadapiforms) distantly resembling the current primates are found. - Meaning practically very distant, very archaic forms and not the real primates even; In fact, all of the mammalian species known from the period are considered archaic compared to the later evolved 'modern' genera. As well interesting, it's mentioned that of the current placental mammals only the hedgehogs and armadillos belong for families which were on existence already at such distant times – most other early genera having gone extinct well before the current times. Obviously also the above mentioned have a lot changed in during times and current species differ a lot from their distant ancestors, but indeed both do seem quite ancient of looks. (Even, that there's various other species that also do) ...Anyway, the evolution of the earliest ancestral forms of primates also was well on its way already at Paleocene. Occasionally a new knowledge of that appears, and isn't that difficult to think such process having taken it's 'first steps' even before. Still a debated subject (it's said) and after all it was that far ago, over 50 Million years in the past... (But check the article of the Paleocene plesiadapiformes at the sources if wish read more of it).

As well (in this context) is also worth noticing the South America's forests containing plenty other evolutionary distant mammalians. There still exists some apparently very old marsupial genera. Although most South American marsupials were later displaced from the way of arriving and nowadays more widespread placental mammals, some groups of early South American marsupial genera still remain. (On the North American part marsupials originally went extinct already before the early Paleocene). As well, on South Americas there's some almost as distant placental mammals, the Edentates (or, more correctly nowadays called as the Xenarthra. They are mentioned being a surprisingly diversified group that supposedly evolved as the early branching on mammalian evolution. Xenarthans have some features typical for them, like the formations on their lumbar vertebrae (whatever especially, also seems mentioned as the Xenarthan processes...) The extant species in group consists of the anteaters, tree sloths and – armadillos.)

Conclusively. Most in the above presented only tells from the great continuation in the Amazon eco-system from since and throughout the past times. Obviously it's not very difficult to think good reasons why the (rain) forest should be preserved from the rapid changes of the modern times. There's various reasons it been seen that important; Some refer for the (global) climatic reasons, some for that remarkable rich animal life and flora. Biologists probably think them as ultimate 'havens' of uncomparable diversity and preserved genetic variety. Some mention the importance of the past cultural heritage, etc, largely elsewhere been lost/neglected. But in any case, it's difficult feel convinced from the future preservation of that great variety of life (like the Amazon), unless it's protection is based on acknownledging the value in that variety itself, and most precisely on that. At least as much important to notice - sometimes said and more typically the case - that the natural resources from the rain forest more often are been stolen.

All in all, this text now seems been comprised of quite discrete aspects/interests. And maybe their not joining very apparently together, even. Each of the singular aspects (like fx the larger raptors, those distant evolutionary periods, the deforestation; any could be presented with more particular look by themselves). But, maybe it's only logical this part forming such a mess of topics and, actually it gathers together separate view-points from which basis more information can be searched.

In overall (as some excuse for most of this appearing such fragmented), it is at least so that selecting a bird species for this is apt choice because the South American rain forests particularly are known of their great numbers of birds. A mammalian would have appeared a more exceptional selection, although the above refered past evolutionary histories mostly were focused on those. Somewhat noticeable too that the Harpya eagle only appears a single example, even as such impressive top level predator it is. There's also other large predative birds in rain forests and any could have made equally suitable selection (In fact the birds appear mentioned so numerous since various species most effectively rely on different resources available on forest.) And, as well could actually been selected any other unique animal from that spectacular wildlife.

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Main sources and co-reading:

Birds:

Arkive (pages on Osprey, Red kite and Red-Headed Vulture)

Attenborough, D., 1987, First Eden. Mediterranean world and the man.

Beer-Morris, 2005, Encyclopedia of Endangered Animals. Grange books.

BirdLife International. Species Factsheet: Harpia harpyja. [2009] ;

Birdlife International. “Manifesto on diplofenac and vulture conservation”.

(See from http://www.birdlife.org)

GRIM (Global Raptor Information Network). Database sheet from Harpy Eagle. Harpia Harpya.[2009]

(http://www.globalraptors.org)

Amazon / Paleocene-Eocene:

Betts, R.A. (et al), 2004, “The role of ecosystem atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 78; 157-175.

(Obviously these climatic models have been further researched and developed nowadays...)

Finer M, Jenkins CN, Pimm SL, Keane B, Ross C (2008) Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples. PLoS ONE 3(8): e2932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002932

Gamlin – Rohan, 1996, Mysteries of the Rain Forest.

“Present day tropics plant survived in warmer, wetter tropics 58 million year ago”. Mongabay.com

“Primate-like mammals: A stunning diversity at the tree tops” (At ; http://www.paleocene-mammals.de ) (Also can view the other articles on the site from Paleocene mammalians)

“Reserves Found To Be 'Effective Tool' For Reducing Fires In Brazilian Rainforests”. ScienceDaily (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090407223636.htm)

...Or, instead see the actual study referred in that:

Adeney et al. Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon. PLoS ONE, 2009; 4 (4): e5014 DOI:

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005014)

Wing-Harrington-Smith (et al.), "Trancient floral change and the rapid global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary"Science 11 Nov 2005: 993-996

Harrington, G. J; Jaramillo, C., 2007, “Paratropical floral extinction in the late Paleocene-Early Eocene. Journal of the Geological Society 164 (2): 323-332. (Probably largely of similar aspects...)

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Muleskinner Book recommendation #23

Marée noire (Black sea)

(Sokal)

(p. 2004)

[Recommendation 1 / 2010]

On these book recommendations, the sequence at hands again is from comics. And – not intentionally planned so, but it's (again) also duck-comics. Comics, as art-form are versatile like any other so this choice possibly owes something to the fact that my own familiarity of the comics mostly apears limited for the older stuff. Therefore, emphasized is that these selections mainly are personal favorites, and not any general advert call on behalf the duck-comics and stories. Nevertheless, in the same breath, I have to admit always been a fan of the adventures by this crime-solving duck. (If these galleries of drunkards, the 'glitter of the gutter' at them, and rewritings from detective stories clicheology can be taken as adventures).

Somewhat more downright reason to have this particular story as our next selection derives of need/aim to place these under some common theme (Sometimes we've referred to that with the term realism). More recently this aim has slipped, almost inconspicuously, for nature books /classics of the natures pasts and present as well as general ecological representaions. So, if we suppose the previously reviewed Wallace's book to categorize under that, we can also have few other of the closely similar topics, perhaps more weighed on environmental issues (like this one). Isn't at all too obvious if these have much anything in common, but anyway, remembering our most focus and writings recently been on the endangered species, this brief 'environmentalist'-serie probably goes painlessly parallel with them. (And, as result it only appears a 'torso' of a series within our books recommends. I guess we'll after this include just one other book in it (novel, research, biography, whatever that'll be).

As it was the purpose to say something from the comics this time presented we'll move on to that: The (adventures) of private investigator Ankardo - whatever is the name used in various translations - so far contains number of comic albums published since about 1970/80s. This duck-detective much resembles, even if only seemingly, the Marlowean (the hard-boiled detective created by Raymond Chandler, 1888-1959, like popularly known) archetype for an anti-heroist private investigator. That said is of course brief typifying description.

Our "hero" in the story, however, also is even more ambivalent person than the mentioned (possible) source of origin at the detective novels / film noir movies. The duck comics also mentioned (by us) as the other starting point, apparently the detective has inherited some virtues from such opposite archetype as the classic children's (and adults) 'role-model' of the comics, Barks Donald Duck – Ducks in comics are, after all capable reflecting wide range of emotions at the readers. Contrary to Unca Donald, Ankardo doesn't appear as provider or everyman(even in the humorist sense). But, similarly to what is usual also in Barks stories, his adventures take place both on imagined and actual countries and places (ranging fx from the misty Transilvanian mountains for solving the murders at holiday fishing trip; travels to no-mans-lands ravaged by internal chaos, etc.) And, further more, like the typical manner in comics they mix the realism and fantastic element, but contrary to Barks tales the emphasizing is on the realism part. This comparison doesn't do justice for either, but actually I perhaps only meant to say that the interest raises from completely opposite aspects in this duck detective, similar to the Marlowean example but little more multiform: He's also cynical and hopeless, but at the same time shows characteristic that are, partly at least, based on 'tradition of the duck-comics' (Perhaps, or something like that...).

Among these adventures the Black sea is somewhat peculiar case because it also contains the mentioned environmental aspects as it's main theme. Like one would guess the plot points to such things as the pollution of seas from accidental spills, dreadful tanker accidents or the intentional releases of the waste oil from ships. The other main topics and subjects in the story appear more usual – The terrorists represented as freedom-fighters of some obscure despotically ruled country, the observing politicians and officials following the incidents from the TV, etc, ao.

Also, in this album(/or so I had the feeling when reading it) the main issue is the futility of environmental devastation caused by oil and the general negligent from it's consequences. Terrorists - who in the story capture the oil ship and then threaten to blow it apart close coastline at some sunshine beach of the South France, their revolutionary purposes, the negotiations to prevent what seems inevitable; all that and even main character in story is placed somewhat less in the forefront. And, after the word from possible disaster is circumvented, various things start to happen...But we won't pretell the story further in this.

All what takes place happens under the news-media watching the ships capture; and so the irony generated wouldn't be any darker since it only reflects the general negligent from the humans caused oil pollution (of the seas), actual cases been noticed of continous examples in during the past years. Strikes even more for the point, since it is anybody's general knowledge oil tanker accidents singularly been the cause for deaths for hundreds thousands marine animals, not to mention the other caused harms for humans and environment.

And in this we can also refer for information from Albert Barillé's Planet Earth series (Ill Etait Une Fois... Notre Terre; chapter 8 on DVD) - which we find as much reliable source as anything here at the MSW - Listing only some mass-scale oil accidents from past decades, fx Avoco Cadiz , Atlantic Empress, Erika, Exxon Valdez, Jessica - an accident which is mentioned by itself having annihilated half the population of Marine Leguans at Galápagos, species endemic only to those islands -, Prestige (List could contain plenty other.)

It's also sometimes mentioned that illegal releases from ships outside territorial waters, also accidental leakages from inadequately structured ships, etc, all that yearly causes more oil to enter sea waters than any singular wreckages (said by no way underestimates the shocking impact for sea ecology in such cases). Of course, I don't know if the author (Sokal) may have meant it as a such direct plain descriptions from the darker side of the oil transports. Or, if it actually bases on some particular case. Anyway, appears quite suitable interpretations of its themes. Almost too effectively presented a story, even if its that bleak. For once in Ankardo's adventures, the typical sarcasm and macabre are left in the shadow of the main theme (Doesn't mean that his other adventures would lack the serious topic). Our reasons to draw attention for it? ...just as some reminder from that in addition to nowadays usually noticed arguments on behalf reducing oils there's long since been these chapters, consequences and results well known and understood decades past.

However, since the most societies still are fueled with oil, it's more problematic to say how soon the kind of realities it describes are to be viewed just as some rude practices of the past times. Even that there's all this speech and plans from the long-awaited renewable revolutions. For the record, it can also noted that actually the 'Black Sea' spares its readers from actual pictorials or scenes and views from oil-polluted seas/shorelines/animals.

Finally, at the end of our recommendations from this comic story we're not forgetting to praise Sokal's drawings and the simple efficiency story is created with - both are masterful and in itself sufficient reasons for acquiring it. (W-G.)

(Sequence/part 2 [of the 3] books at these 'environmentalist' recommendations.)

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While waiting the oncoming Solar Revelation

: Mulskinner [Hi-]Tech Review V [ I/2010 ]

Sunnan (Solar Lamp)

During past weeks I dropped by at Ikea. I usually avoid the place; Reason that my feet start aching from just walking past/through shops corridors and several departments. I rarely buy anything for I can't figure any place in the world for all that furnitures, cups and pots, plastics and napkins, textiles, toys, decorations, etc., etc. Cheap but boring. Consumeristic purgatory and marathon track in the same (for anyone who doesn't particularly like the offerings of their kitchen and enlightening informative signs)...But I also noticed them taken steps all in the spirit of this eco-conciousness our times require and demand - sorting of bio- and energy-wastes also was clearly informed and advertised.

But anyway, despite my slight antipations I've bought stuff there too. Without particular seeking for, picked this Solar-lamp. Probably as much an eco-fashionable choice, to not much underestimating my own shopping behaviour. Probably few energy-saver bulbs would take care of similar savings. Also, even optimistically thinking I'm not too sure if eco-saves from my buy ever closely compensate, say driving the benzin-engine few hundred kilometer or the every-day uses of this laptop, fx... But I though the product a forerunner of its kind (not much seen these around) and so gave it a try.

...And noticed it actually quite functional of design and use. The bulb can be turned for any directions and weights much nothing. The charger is easily detachable (see pic beside) , so it can be brought for good place to charge separately. I at first considered lamp as a reading light, but then noticed the promised 3+ hours and bulb light perhaps little too dim for regular use in that. So, I now have it merely as a movable light for various tasks, for working desk, handicrafts, etc. Perhaps less plugging for the electricity-grid. (Although, not having too much daylight now either, Ive actually charged separate batteries of the electricity-grid to lenghten use time. – Not probably most recommendable way to use, since opening lid reveals the wires for lamp beside the battery case).

Also can be brought along in places without electricity otherways available – rarely so, but it's sometimes pleasant to ease up without all that bright 'cold' light.

The cover looks like it keeps the most water out/some drops of rain wouldn't cause harm, but I'm not sure if its watertight enough to leave out in the open. Therefore, user probably still needs keeping little eye on the weather. Promised around 10+ hours charging time (in less of sunshine, cloudy) isn't perhaps reasons enough to recommend it for any continuous use. Apparently there's some way to go. Half the charge time needed and it would appear pretty efficient, flexible device, actually.

Noticing the above, said (though, I wouldn't try this on amount of sunshine here at MSW), theoretically a few lamps with some additional charger could be enough for (modest) lighting needs of small household. Wouldn't of course handle any other regular (energy) uses, but would appear quite inspiring experiment to try. Would perhaps also pay back relatively soon, if one's prepared in some watching and replacing chargers. Though, a single larger panel probably makes far more practical solution for anyone building his own housings.

Since it's been darker days and heavier weather, I've really not had much chance to use it in practice – So guess'll add few lines from how it behaves on the spring when we receive more hours of sunshine. (W-G.)

...And, after few weeks watching the first signs telling of the arriving sunshine days (more continuous light, birds singing, ice melting), it now also gives better chances using the device effectively. In the meantime, I noticed, with the aid of couple rechargeable batteries, being able to lenghten it's usability somewhat; (Using my 2500 NiMh GP-batteries permitted about somewhat doubled time, the batteries with lower capacity only achieved roughly same use-time as solar-charging lamp original batteries).
However, naturally it gets rather boring changing them often, so in the coming summery times I guess I'll be using only the solar cell regularly - like the orginal purpose of the device. Otherways it can be further underlined that it's actually very useful having this kind of movable lighting source. Only, of course, like in the case of these renewable energies more commonly, user (the consumer) needs little change one's own adapted patterns of use acc. the usability available from origin of this energy (sun). Yet, it's further noticed that with little improvements, fx with charging time been able to cut for half with more efficient cell (panel actually, more probably, precisely) would make this very recommendable device - even better, probably doesn't appear too difficult to manufacture by larger numbers, without much trouble...

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Species Endangered (MS-Blog Series from) XIV

Burmese Python

Class: Reptile

Order: Squamata

Latin name: Python molurus (bivitatus)

Range: Appears on quite large area at the South- /Southeast-Asia Including fx the East India, continental Malaysia, and some Indonesian islands (like Java, Bali, South Sulawesi)

IUCN: NT (Near Threatened)¹ / CITES: Appendix II

(probably) about 2009 situation

Even if it being that the reptiles are most exotic and perhaps generally less known from the animal groups, I guess we'll limit their appearance in these series for species presented this far. Seems reasonable also since this post makes it complete with one exemplary case from each the main groups; that meaning Turtles, Crocodiles, Lizards – and this most recent from Serpentes (Snakes). (Yet, perhaps, time will later see us add some additional ones... But in any case that will only be after series 'main' part finished.)

Similarly like the crocodiles, and actually many animals, snakes have been associated for gods/deities in past religious and mythological history of various cultures². The Boidae/Pythonidae also are believed as belonging for the most evolutionary primitive of snakes - some species even 'retain a vestigial remnant of the hindlimb in form of body spur on their pelvic girdle'. As well, most have functional left lung, not found on the more advanced snakes. (Halliday-Adler, p 179; 193) (However, not contradicting the previous sentences, the Serpentes are the most recently evolved group of reptiles, known at fossil record only about from Mid-Cretaceous; ca 100 Million years to the past).

The Burmese python (or; Tiger python, Asiatic Rock Python), seems (perhaps) of not particularly threatened – and likely reason to add this selection was on basis of these cultural associations and the popular mythologics of these pythonidae-snakes, that are also often kept as pets. In general, according the Halliday-Adler (2002) book the 20^th century wasn't particularly good for snakes and there's likely possibility that 21^st turns out even worse. The book mentions fx few species from rather unique family of mascarene-snakes, another (Bolyenia multocarinata) lately gone extinct in 1970s and the other, also found only on Round Island, Keel-Scaled Boa(Casarea dussumier, EN) saved from same fate just by intense conservation effort and still remaining equally threatened.

Effects of agriculture, urbanization and habitat loss affect snakes populations mostly. In addition, many are hated and feared (not always without reasons, obviously, as is well known many are dangerous - however, often some species not venomous but closely resembling those that are also get annihilated as consequence). Nevertheless, the snakes have their own places in ecosystem(s) and fill a part in natural 'food-chain' as predators. So, in this instance we can perhaps also refer for the noticed decline of 'Apex' predators in the world during some recent couple hundred years - and effects from it in general. Not especially mentions snakes, but since we've yet not here presented any mammalian or other carnivore species as example (likely have no place for such in further posts), this can be mentioned as an aspect of some interest. - Most snake species probably don't quite fill the criteria of such 'Apex'-predators, but anyway, increase of 'mesopredators' on the expense of the larger carnivores is mentioned as potentially cause for/holding various troublesome issue(ecologically or otherways).

Some snakes are specialists in their diet, while some (typically more usual for the Boas/Pythons) may be generalists. Without exception the snakes prey other animals, but that may also mean fx eggs or the other snakes. Most predate smaller land animals like mammals, lizards, frogs. Constrictor snakes at the size of Burmese Python (average 3-4 metre), can eat fx some rodents like rats, mice. As well other appropriately sized prey; In overall, when they grow in size they also move for larger animals and specimen in captivity are mentioned being fed with rabbits and poultry, sometimes also pigs, ao. Indeed, some of largest (Constrictor-snake) species are even capable swallowing smaller ungulates, (like antelopes) and in cases can kill competive predators - like caimans, as known from the Green anaconda (Eunectes murinus). More usual for snakes and the larger ones especially, is that they only eat occasionally (due their low metabolic rate), and can therefore remain without another prey item for weeks. Larger pythons certainly can be dangerous for humans, but actual such attacks are rare of known confirmed cases.

Perhaps surprisingly none of the larger constrictor snakes(Boidae/Pythonidae) – at least according the information we find – appears severely endangered. This may be a result of more recent developments, as the Wikipedian article on Burmese Python mentions those historically hunted and killed for uses at leather product market, as well for the other use (Along with other large species like African Rock Python (P. sebae) and the South East Asian Reticulated Python (P. reticulatus), longest snake in the world. The mentioned are slightly similar to from colours, though not by skin pattern, but as result often confused for P.molurus. Also, S. American Boa Constrictor appears somewhat resembling from looks). The leather manufacture from large python skins still is maintained and past histories of that would perhaps make an larger article of it's own ...but, in lack of any suitable information, we'll leave that for anyone's interests to search for. From more recent developments it seems stated the captive farming and -breeding having reduced the pressures on natural populations. Almost to the contrary, one could perhaps say, Burmese Python is also mentioned of having become a serious invasive species in some places (In some swampy regions of Florida, where animals originally kept as pets but abandoned for the wild by their owners were found effectively reproducing and later as causes for some harms to the natural ecosystem.) P.molurus typically is a species which favors watery areas. However, even though pythonidae usually are considered adapted for the moist environments, some appear to inhabit arid deserts like Australian Carpet Python (Morelia bredli).

From the smaller constrictor snakes, theres plenty examples of the threatened (and not limited to the following mentioned); Jamaican Boa (Epicrates subflav., VU), Woma Python (Aspidites Ramsayi, EN), the mentioned Round Island boa, Madagascar (common) tree boa (Sanzinia Madagascariensis, VU), Cuban tree boa (Epicrates angulifer, NT). Many of them, at least from above mentioned, appear endemic only to certain islands, with rather small habitat ranges. The other snake families contain various more threatened, although (acc. Halliday-Adler) the largest group, Colubridae, also contains about 290 different genera. Geographically almost as widespread by ranges (on most continents), but less numerous from separate species are vipers/pitvipers (ca 30 genera, 230 individual species). Then there's also families of snakes that consist from only few separate species.

For not being any snake/herpetologist enthusiast (like people perhaps more often than the opposite), I actually find most interest for the names of snakes.

Also having not too much familiarity with the general terminology either, I can't make any apparent differentiation between adder and the viper. As well, in lack of better knowledge pitviper by first impression made me think that it must refer for (such) snakes burrowing habitats or their nesting places – but no, instead I noticed it meant certain sensory pits they have on sides of the head. (These are heat receptors enabling the snake detect it's mammalian prey of the body heat, even from distances; a useful sensory organ for nocturnal predative animals. Also other snakes like pythons are mentioned having such 'pits', though not as strict of sensing, apparently). Other such 'viperine' (from impression) snake group are the Elapidae, equally widespread in Old Worlds (at the most of southern regions), all of them venomous as well. Elapidae seems to contain not just the renown rear-fanged snakes like Cobras (Naja naja), but also species of Sea-kraits (laticauda), that are marine snakes inhabiting the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They only come ashore to bask, mate, or lay eggs – Sea kraits as well are mentioned threatened of the collecting for foods and trade-goods made for tourist market.

Rattlesnakes (Crotalus-species) obviously are named for their renown 'tinkle', but then there's also some King snakes species, known from being (at least partially) immune for the rattlesnake poison as they prey on them instead. Anyway, for the King Snakes also is counted the one sometimes refered for with name of 'Milk snake' (Lampropelt. species, or something like), and it was in the former common belief – on completely non-factual, imaginary basis - assumed having the habit of sucking milk from cows during nighttime. (King snakes, probably, belong for the Colubrids, that are - as well as being numerous by singular species - also most confusing and miscellaneous of the snake families.)

However, often snakes are also named on basis of their typical habitat environments, or, where they maybe are most usually seen; Possibly so in case of the Emerald tree Boa (C. caninus) of South America, at least it's mentioned reputable of laying moveless on tree/twigs (although I have no idea what kind are/or if there's such as emerald trees). Te Asian/Australian Green tree python (M. viridilis) closely resembles previously mentioned Emerald tree boa from looks and behaviour, even though there's not relation between them, often stated as popular example of convergent evolution. And yet we find another inhabitant of the same regions (SE Asia), a tree snake named as the Mangrove snake (Boiga D.), being a pelagic (venomous) species that also mainly eats the other snakes. Differing from its naming species appears mentioned typically as inhabitant of the lowland forestries. It's other name is (Gold-ringed) Cat snake, from the reason that its eyes resemble those of the cat.

Then there's apparently many species named after their first classifier as species or probably most commonly, according the region they inhabit. An example from both probably is the species we find presented with name Macroviperidae Schweizeri, (EN), if it appears to be the same as Milos viper; Schweizer's viper also is mentioned as rarest of the European snakes in WWFs book of endangered species (McGavin). It is only found on few islands at Mediterranean. As for some other species from many snakes named after regions/areas they appear, there seems to be fx African Tanganyika sand snake (Psammophis t.) and Kenyan sand boa (Eryx c.). Another African snake, sidewinding Peringuey's desert adder (Bitis peringueyis) may be an example from either, yet I have no idea which it may be. All the other sidewinder snakes (known as such from their impressive way of movement) are also vipers. They are widely distributed and mentioned (quite surprising) to also appear on deserts of Central Asia and North/South Americas.

But, I guess many snakes have at least couple names, even if there's also often confusion of differentiation between the species. Also seems like this catalogue somewhat consisted of the more popularly known and omits many less studied/researched harmless snakes. There's fx Blindsnakes (3 families), considered a completely separate archaic group of their own (not 'real snakes') and they eat ants and termites mostly. As well there's fx several families of the Pipesnakes that are also mainly burrowing species, and, probably sort of intermediate forms between the previously mentioned and the more 'advanced', 'true(?) snakes'. They usually eat fx eels, caecilians and other smaller snakes. However, remembering that the pythonidae/boas were presented as our main examples, feels like this suffices now from listing of various snakes and their various characteristics.

Notes:

1. Without better knowledge we are assuming that used category in this case means the both subspecies, the one presented here, Burmese Python (P.Molurus bivitatus) and the Indian Python (P. Molurus molurus). Possibly the IUCN listing would mean the latter only or/either Burmese Python, but since we were not finding any other information at the moment, the listing of (.bivitatus) from Wikip. is used (although, seems to use the older classific.) – Also, The IUCN information from classifications mentions of the subspecies and subpopulations them being listed separately only in the cases when those represent geographically isolated subpopulations that have little genetic exchange (IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Dl on 3 Nov 2009.) According the Wikipedian information the habitat areas (of these 'co'-species) contain overlapping range, so they're not apparently listed separately. But who knows, perhaps they're even considered more recently as divided for the completely distinct species... Anyway, Burmese python is presented as exemplary species in this. Also, endangerment status of any snake species mentioned in text checked from IUCN Red List.

2. We were considering as pictorials for this that famous ancient sculpture, Laocoon group, but then decided it more reasonable to keep pics in these from animal species and not any imaginary creations, even if those would be of such reknown antique art works...However, the (rare) presence of animals in mentioned Greek statue is interesting on the basis that often in earlier ancient religions/mythological beliefs animals and sometimes their representations were associated for the gods. In during Hellenic (antique) period (at the arts and cultures) this was largely replaced with the deities resembling man himself from outer looks and behaviors. Attenborough's First Eden. Mediterranean world and man (1987), always useful also of such information, mentions the ancient Greeks actually having founded their religious beliefs on very different basis than the ancient Egyptians or fx Cretans where was practiced the Minos-cult. Also, one can read of it from the fertility cult of Ephesus, worshipped in the Asia Minor well longer, even until the early/pre-Christian times. Of course, the art historic 'piece-de-cliche' refered above (Laocoon group) mainly appears a powerful representation from certain spectacle at the Iliad, but one still feels some inclination to speculate on the snakes role in it; Are they perhaps intentional representation from subordination of the nature, following the commands of these 'newly' emerged 'higher gods'? Not much any extraordinary or unusual views, but anyway since we find the statue sometime past been fx been claimed a work of Michelangelo (1475-1564) (and not antique statue at all), I guess we have some freedom to step aside from subject for these topics and speculative interpretations of the statues characteristics...Yet, as the original subject about snakes, in the same paragraphs can also be briefly mention the ancient snake-god Quetzalcoatzal (of the Mayas, most apparently). And, also cannot leave aside that impressive earth-work in Ohio, known as the Serpentine Mound and made by the Mound builder people (dated to some 1000 years old, although it was earlier believed even more ancient). Of course, refered only as some comparative examples of similarly remarkable art works/cultural histories from the past.

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Sources:

Halliday, T. - Adler, K., [2002], The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. N.Y.

McGavin, G., [2006], Endangered – Wildlife on the Brink of Extinction.

Wikipedian information on Burmese Python (Python Molurus bivittatus)

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